Galileos Sense Experience Essay Example for Free

Galileos Sense Experience EssayHow much can our sentiencys truthfully retell us ab bug out the human race around us? A persons five senses provide us with observational information that help us day after day. check to Galileo Galilei, sense induce is misleading in understanding how the world works. In his book On The World Systems, Galileo expresses his view on the senses through the character Salviati, who is introduced by the translator, Finocchiaro, as an expert who takes the Copernican side (Finocchiaro, 4).Salviati is able to prove, even with opposition from the Aristotelian named Simplicio, that sense experience is unreliable in Galileos scientific mode on the relativity of motion. On the second day of their debate, Simplicio tries to refute the Copernican view that the senses are deceptive. Simplicio states that according to the view of all philosophical schools, this criterion requires that the senses and experience be our guides in philosophizing (Finocchiaro, 212 ).In response to this, Salviati asks Simplicio to think of a stone falling from a tower and asks him to state how he perceives the motion. Simplicio responds that he notices its air in relation to the tower, for I now see it next to this mark on the tower, then a little below that, and so on until I perceive it land on the ground (Finocchiaro 213). They come up with the conclusion that, since their eyes would move for a falling rock, it is indeed in motion, period a still rock would not be in motion because they would never have to move their eyes.In this case, their senses show them what is truly happening. However, Simplicio has a different smudge to address. To present a more difficult scenario than the last, Salviati tells Simplicio to imagine being on a moving send and to fix his eyes on the spot of the sail. Simplicio agrees with Salviati that, while he is on the ship, his eyes remain stubborn on the tip of the sail regardless of any motion by the ship (Finocchiaro, 214) . According to Simplicios senses, the tip of the sail is in no motion.Since it has already been stated that the ship is moving, Simplicios senses are deceiving him greatly. Salviati explains this phenomenon by telling Simplicio that this happens because the motion transmitted by the ship to the sail yard is also transmitted to you and your eyes, so that you need not move them at all in order to keep aiming at the tip of the sail yard consequently, it appears motionless to you (Finocchiaro, 214). Thus, the senses are confusing. You can compare this idea to the Earth itself.Although when we are on the Earth our senses make it appear to be fixed and immovable, in relation to other bodies in the universe, the Earth is moving. Salviati begins to look at the greater picture of the universe. He first suggests other ways Salviati could figure out that the ship is in motion such as looking at trees and buildings on the shore but says to convince yourself of the earths motion by means of such an observation, I would say you should look at the stars which, because of the observation, appear to move in the opposite direction (Finocchiaro 218).Salviati believes that looking at the stars is essential in understanding that the Earth moves. The stars appear to us to move but really the Earths motion is moving on its axis. Sagredo, who has been quiet most of the debate, suggests the lunar monthshine as another similar phenomenon to the ones discussed. Sagredo wisely states that those who are walking on a street at night, it looks as if they are being followed by the moon at a pace equal to theirsthis is an appearance that very obviously would deceive the sense of sight (Finocchiaro 219).Although it appears the moon is walking next to us at night, it is in its own motion around the Earth. The sense of sight is just as deceiving when viewing celestial bodies. In the book, On The World Systems Galileo proves to us that our senses are one of the most unreliable components in obse rvation. He shows us that we need to be careful with our observations whether they consist of rocks, ships, or stars.In his closing direction about relativity of motion and the senses, Salviati concludes that we ought to be more careful and less confident in regard to what at first sight is presented to us by our senses, and that they can easily deceive us (Finocchiaro 218). Sense experience is a faulty part of Galileos scientific method. Any inconsistency in sense experience can create inaccurate hypotheses about experiments and observations. Galileo uses On The World Systems to refute the Aristotelian view that the senses are our primary resources in philosophizing. In fact, our senses tell us very little about philosophy at all.

Sample Final Exam Essay Example for Free

Sample Final Exam EssayThe company currently has earnings per share of $8. 25. The company has no growth and pays out all earnings as dividends. It has a new hurtle which will require an investment of $1. 60 per share today (at snip zero). The project will increase the earnings by $0. 40 per share indefinitely starting one year after the investment. Investors require a 10 percent return on XYZ stock. Assume the inviolable just paid the dividend of $8. 25 yesterday. a) What is the value per share of the companys stock assuming the firm does not undertake the investment opportunity? 5 pts) b) If the company does undertake the investment what is the value per share now? (10 pts) c) What will the value per share be 3 years from now? (5 pts) Solution a) P = Dividend / R = 8. 25 / 0. 1 = $ 82. 5 b) NPVGO = (-1. 60 + 0. 40 / 0. 1) = $ 2. 40 So the stock cost will be 82. 5 + 2. 40 = 84. 90 c) (8. 25 + 0. 40) / 0. 1 = 86. 5 Question 3 Portfolio Variance Suppose the expected returns and threadbare digression of stocks A and B are E(Ra) = 0. 13, E(Rb) = 0. 19, ? a = 0. 38, ? b = 0. 62 respectively. )Calculate the expected return and specimen deviation for a portfolio that is composed of 45 percent A and 55 percent B when the correlation coefficient between the returns on A and B is 0. 5 (10 pts) b) How does the correlation coefficient between the returns on A and B affect the standard deviation of the portfolio? (3 pts) c) Provide a range for the correlation coefficient where we obtain diversification benefits. (i. e, The portfolio standard deviation is less than the weighted median(a) of the one-on-one standard deviations of the stocks? ) Provide a range where we dont have diversification benefits. 3 + 2 pts) d) For some values of correlation coefficient, we open fire procure a portfolio standard deviation of almost zero. TRUE or FALSE? ( 2 pts) Solution a) The expected return of the portfolio is the sum of the weight of each plus times the expected re turn of each asset, so E(RP) = wAE(RA) + wBE(RB) E(RP) = . 45(. 13) + . 55(. 19) E(RP) = . 1630 or 16. 30% The variance of a portfolio of twain assets can be expressed as (pic = wpic(pic + wpic(pic + 2wAwB(A(B(A,B (pic = . 452(. 382) + . 552(. 622) + 2(. 45)(. 55)(. 38)(. 62)(. 50) (pic = . 20383So, the standard deviation is (P = (. 20383)1/2 = . 4515 or 45. 15% b) As Stock A and Stock B become less correlated, or more negatively correlated, the standard deviation of the portfolio decreases. c) corr lt 1 (strictly less), corr = 1 d) TRUE Question 4 CAPM and SML Suppose that you observe the following information. Assume these securities are correctly priced. Beta Expected commit XYZ Corp 1. 4 0. 150 ABC Corp 0. 9 0. 115 a) What is the fortune free rate and the expected return on the market? 3 + 3 pts) b) What is the expected return on an asset with a beta 1. 6? (4 pts) c) What is the beta on a portfolio consisting of 30% XYZ, 30% ABC, 20% risk free asset and 20% market portfolio? (5 pts) d) If a security has beta 1. 8 and expected return 18%, is this security above or at a lower place SML? Over or under priced? ( 2 + 3 pts) Solution a) Here we have the expected return and beta for two assets. We can express the returns of the two assets using CAPM. If the CAPM is true, then the security market line holds as well, which means all assets have the same risk premium.Setting the reward-to-risk ratios of the assets equal to each separate and solving for the risk-free rate, we find out (. 15 Rf)/1. 4 = (. 115 Rf)/. 90 .90(. 15 Rf) = 1. 4(. 115 Rf) .135 . 9Rf = . 161 1. 4Rf .5Rf = . 026 Rf = . 052 or 5. 20% Now using CAPM to find the expected return on the market with both stocks, we find .15 = . 0520 + 1. 4(RM . 0520). 115 = . 0520 + . 9(RM . 0520) RM = . 1220 or 12. 20%RM = . 1220 or 12. 20% b) 5. 20% + 1. 6 (12. 20% 5. 20%) = 5. 20% + 11. 20% = %16. 40 c) 0. 30 * 1. 4 + 0. 30*0. 9 + 0. 2*1 +0. *0 = 0. 89 d) According to SML 5. 20% + 1. 8 (12. 20% 5. 20%) = 5. 20% + 12. 60% = 17. 80%. The security is above SML. It is underpriced. Question 5 1).For a multi-product firm, if a projects beta is different from that of the overall firm, then the(4 pts) A. CAPM can no longer be used. B. project should be discounted using the overall firms beta. C. project should be discounted at a rate commensurate with its own beta. D. project should be discounted at the market rate. E. project should be discounted at the T-bill rate. 2). Jacks Construction Co. as 80,000 bonds outstanding that are selling at par value. Bonds with equal characteristics are yielding 8. 5%. The company also has 4 million shares of common stock outstanding. The stock has a beta of 1. 1 and sells for $40 a share. The U. S. Treasury bill is yielding 4% and the market risk premium is 8%. Jacks tax rate is 35%. What is Jacks weighted average cost of capital? (8 pts) A. 7. 10% B. 7. 39% C. 10. 38% D. 10. 65% E. 11. 37% Re = . 04 + (1. 1 ( . 08) = . 128 Debt 80,000 ( $1,000 = $80m Common 4m ( $40 = $160m Total = $80m + $160m = $240m pic

Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR) System

Content-based realize Retrieval (CBIR) SystemChapter 1. IntroductionNowadays, in the most of aras it is necessary to work with large amounts of growing visual and multimedia data, at the same time, the subdue of depiction and video files on the web is large-hearteda big and is still rising very rapidly. inquiring through this data is absolutely vital. So, there is a high demand on the tools for find retrieving, which argon based on visual information, rather than wide-eyed text-based queries. Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR) consists of retrieving the most visually similar images to a given query image from a database or group of image files. It is a quite multipurpose thing in a lot of aras such as Photography which may involve image search from the large digital characterization galleries Medicine it is used to assist in diagnosis. In most of ailments, their visual characteristics carry diagnostic information and visually similar images correspond to the same di sease category. The output of a CBIR system cease help to make a decision (Tahmoush, 2007) Military detection of enemy soldiers or vehicles from screen photographs offensive activity measure it helps police in suspicious peoples identification from large image databases and in image retrieval of crime scene photos (Wen, 2005) Geography frequently used in Geographical information systems (GIS) (Hafiane, 2006) and many others.CBIR has been a subject of intense research all over the last 15 years. It is one of the most difficult research areas in multimedia computing and information retrieval. During the research history many different image matching, indexing and retrieval algorithms have been tried. Practice shows that user queries described by visual information are more effective and more precisely meet user needs, than standard text search queries. It is because visual information is close at hand(predicate) to the humans perception of the world.1.1 CBIR SystemsMany CBIR systems and tools have been developed to make queries based on visual content. During the 90-ies some(prenominal) nonable commercial systems were introduced. IBM developed Query By Image Content (QBIC) system, which lets user to make queries of large image databases based on visual image content properties such asExample imagesUser-constructed sketches and drawingsSelected food disguise and caryopsis patterns. (Flickner, 1995)Soon after that Virage Image Search Engine of Virage Inc. was developed, which provides an open role model for building systems that explicitly manages image assets by directly representing their visual attributes. (Bach, 1996) some(prenominal) online content-based web search engines can besides be mentioned. WebSEEk developed by Image and Advanced Television Lab, Columbia University. It allows making queries by example and by desired food showing composition. Chabot, Developed by Department of Computer Science, University of California, which allows to search by colors, but offers limited options such as choosing one dominant color. (Veltkamp, 2002) orbiculate Memory Net (GMNet) was launched for public access in late June 2006. It is a digital library of cultural, historical, and heritage image collections. Among other text-based searching types this web library has a possibility to search by image content. It has two basic options for content based searching. Search by example image, based on its color and blueprint and by user drawing. For CBIR, GMNet uses SIMPLIcity developed by Prof. James Z. Wang of Penn State University. (Chen 2006)Different CBIR systems use different types of user queries. Typically tools for the content-based image retrieval consist of query statement and a result presentation this query can be done by providing an example image a sketch, or by choosing desired colors for the image. Results are presented by the top several similar images based on the similarity measure.1.2 Research QuestionsDespite the large number of CBIR systems developed, there are still a lot of challenging problems in this area. The important sides that still need to be improved are speed of retrieving, when functional with the large databases, accuracy and effectiveness of the retrieved results. So the researchers from multiple disciplines are deeply concerned with these aspects.Comparisons by image content are much more entangled task than by textual data. Generally, content-based image retrievals are based on simile of image content descriptors that represent visual sustains of the image. Different features can be used to obtain the image descriptor. To meet precise user needs and in various cases some of them are more effective than others. Sometimes the instruction execution simplicity is as important as retrieval accuracy and effectiveness.Based on the previous discussion, research questions are the followingWhat are the basic retrieval techniques? What kind of features are usually used? How the f eatures are obtained from the image? How these features are matched? How the retrieval results are presented to the user? How accurate can be the algorithms, which are comparatively easy to implement?1.3 ObjectivesThe CBIR research often involves two areas computer vision and database systems. The database systems part studies database indexing, searching and retrieval techniques and computer vision part is about image processing, obtaining the image descriptors and image matching. In order to answer the research questions this dissertation focuses on a computer vision part.Image processing and image transformations are used by CBIR systems in order to extract image descriptors. CBIR systems are based on different image features descriptors matching. Some of these systems perform image simile by multiple features at the same time and some of them use solely one feature.In this dissertation we are going to investigate what are the basic techniques used in CBIR systems, which are bas ed on different feature descriptors. We will make a detailed overview of these basic methods. We are also going to implement one of the most effective algorithms in the CBIR field. This is Scale Invariant Feature interpret (SIFT) algorithm (Lowe, 2004) and see how effective and accurate it can be.Chapter 2. Literature Survey2.1 CBIR systems typical architectureTypical CBIR system has two main functionalities. This is Data insertion and query processing.Data insertion procedures are per make separatist of user interaction. They are applied to all the data. The purpose of this process is to extract visual features from the images in the database. These features are obviously smaller than the actual image and they are then stored for easy comparison reasons, as a characterizers of separately image.Query processing starts with user specific request. Request can be done in several ways By an example image, by giving desired pattern or object, color distribution and etc. Query processi ng mental faculty obtains the visual features from the given request, metric is defined. Then similarity is measured based on the chosen metric and some set of the most similar images are .Features stock itself involves, selecting the features that have to be extracted, it depends on the type of user query. The feature extracting algorithm is chosen to create the feature vector from the selected features. Eventually, image descriptor is formed which are then used to compare the images. (Torres, 2006)2.2 Semantic GapBasically, similarity searching between the images is based on low-level and higher-levels of queries. (Eakins, 1996)Low-Level Similarity in this case visual features to describe the image are primitives such as color, texture and shape.Higher-Levels, Semantic Similarity at higher levels, similarity searching is not based on a simple features. In this case images are described by higher level of semantic attributes. This involves identification of the object types re present in the image.These two levels of queries form the problem called semantic bed cover. Semantic gap can be defined in the following wayThe semantic gap is the lack of coincidence between the information that one can extract from the visual data and the interpretation that the same data has for a user in a given situation. (Datta, 2008)In another words, images with high low-level feature similarities may still be different in terms of user perception. So similarity by low-level features, not always mean semantic similarity of these images.2.3 Content Comparison TechniquesThis dissertation is concerned with low-level similarity features extraction .CBIR for low-level similarity queries needs techniques which can be used to obtain the image content descriptors to compare images based on their color, texture and shape. food coloring Image content comparison by color is based on matching images by their color distribution. In this case image feature identifies the proportion of pi xels of specific color or colors within an image. So one can make color searches by indicating desired concentration of colors or by an example image with desired color distribution and get similar images. Color histograms are widely used to extract the color distribution descriptors from the image. It is a statistic of the color of pixels in the image. First color distribution is represented by appropriate color histogram, and then color vector is formed from that histogram. Lets discuss several color feature extraction histograms.Conventional Color Histogram (CCH) This histogram consists of occurrences of each color in the image. Each pixel is associated to only one its own histogram bin only on the basis of its own color. This color histogram uses the probability mass function of the image pixel intensities. (Suhasini, 2009)Fuzzy Color Histogram (FCH) as an opposite to CCH, in FCH each pixel is associated to all bins of histogram with different degrees of membership depending o n color similarity of the pixel. This is done by fuzzy-set membership function. (ferone, 2008)Color Correlogram (CC) color correlogram of an image is a set back which is indexed by color pairs, where the d-th entry of (i,j) cell shows the probability of finding the color j at a distance of d from a pixel of color i in the image extracting. Such a feature from the image is tolerant to the changes in appearance of the same scene which can be caused by changing the viewing positions, but color correlogram is more difficult to compute than color histograms. (Huang, 1997)Texture Retrieval by image texture in a similar to color-based feature extraction, but it looks for visual patterns in images rather than colors. So it looks at homogeneity that is not a result of a single color presence or intensity of a pixel value. Sometimes it also provides more spatial information.The most basic method used to extract the texture descriptor from the image is based on Fourier Transform. The initial image is transformed by the Fourier function. As the method works on digital images, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is used. DFT converts images from the spatial domain into the frequency domain, where all the spatial frequencies of the original image are represented. In another words this transformed image shows intensity variations over a number of pixels. Transformed data is grouped to obtain several measures from it. Then descriptor is formed of these measures and is used for comparison. (Nixon, 2007)Shape Shape-based image retrieval comparison looks at shapes of regions within an image and searches for the shapes similar to given as in a query image. Edge and blob detections are important parts for the shape feature extraction. These edges and blobs are points or regions in the image that are either brighter or darker than the surrounding. Several methods are used for shape-based image retrieval, which involve different kind of image filtering and image transformations.One o f the most effective algorithms for shape-based image retrieval is Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm, which was first developed by David Lowe in 1999, at the University of British Colombia. It takes a single image as an input and returns a set of detected image features. In SIFT algorithm image filtering is based on Gaussian function. After image filtering SIFT uses Difference of Gaussian (DoG) pyramid for blob (keypoint) detection. The image feature descriptor, which is called keypoint descriptor is 128 element feature vector and formed of gradient magnitudes and orientations computed for the area around the identified keypoints. (Lowe, 2004)Chapter 3. Research Method3.1 Research approachMathematical methods play key role in the most of CBIR algorithms. Often mathematical solution of the problem is difficult or impossible to implement concretely, wherefore it is important to assess the method in practice. Thats wherefore Experimental approach will be used in thi s dissertation. This method of primary research forces to experience and overcome all the difficulties that can appear during the practical implementation of theory. It requires focusing on the details of algorithm and clearly shows advantages and disadvantages of the particular algorithm. It also gives possibility to assess the instruments used in experiment, which are not little important than algorithm itself.In this dissertation, one of the CBIR algorithms for shape-based image retrieval will be implemented for a number of images and the results will be assessed3.2 Tools and Technologies usedThis force field focuses on the algorithm which involves image processing. It will be implemented under the Microsoft .net framework platform and using GDI+ and C programming language. .Net framework provides managed interface for GDI+ therefore its relatively easy to process images using this platform. Microsoft Visual Studio .Net will be used as an IDE. This experiment will also show how useful can be .net framework library and C language for image processing purpose.ReferencesBach J., Fuler C., Gupta A., Hampapur A., Horowitz B., Humphrey R., Jain R., Shu C., (1996) The virage image search engine An open framework for image management SPIE Conference on Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video DatabasesChen Ch. Ch. (2006),Using Tomorrows Retrieval Technology to Explore the Heritage Bonding last(prenominal) and Future in the Case of Global Memory Net on tap(predicate) at http//ifla.queenslibrary.org/IV/ifla72/papers/097-Chen-en.pdf last accessed on twenty-fourth September 2009Datta R., Joshi D., Li J. and Wang J. Z. (2008) Image Retrieval Ideas, Influences, and Trends of the New Age.Eakins J.P. (1996) Automatic image content retrieval are we getting anywhere?Department of Computing, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, available at http//www.cs.uu.nl/docs/vakken/mir/materials/ literary works/eakins.pdf last accessed on 24th September 2009Ferone A., Maddalena L., Petrosino A., (2008) The Enhanced Color Histogram a way for dealing with uncertainty in CBIR systems, University of Naples Parthenope, Department of Applied ScienceFlickner M., Sawhney H., Niblack W., Ashley J., Huang Q., Dom B., Gorkani M., Hafher J., downwind D., Petkovie D., Steele D. and Yanker P.(1995) Query by Image and Video Content The QBIC System, IBM Almaden Research Center available at http//www2.cs.ucy.ac.cy/nicolast/courses/cs422/ReadingProjects/qbic.pdf last accessed on 24th September 2009Hafiane A., Chaudhuri S., Seetharaman G., Zavidovique B. (2006) Region-based CBIR in GIS with local space filling curves to spatial representationHuang J., Kumar S. R., Mitra M., Zhu W. J., Zabih R. (1997) Image Indexing Using Color Correlograms, Cornell UniversityLowe D. G. (2004), Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints, Computer Science Department University of British Columbia available at http//people.cs.ubc.ca/lowe/papers/ijcv04.pdf last accessed on 24th September 2009Nixon M. S., Aguado A. S. (2007) Feature Extraction and Image Processing, Academic PressSuhasini P.S., Dr. K. Sri Rama Krishna, Dr. I. V. Murali Krishna (2009) CBIR Using Color Histogram Processing VR Siddhartha Engineering College available at http//www.jatit.org/volumes/research-papers/Vol6No1/13Vol6No1.pdf last accessed on 24th September 2009Tahmoush D. Hanan S. (2007)A Web Collaboration System for Content-Based Image Retrieval of Medical imagavailable athttp//www.cs.umd.edu/hjs/pubs/medicalimagepapers/TahmoushSPIE07a.pdf last accessed on 24th September 2009Torres R. S., Falco A. X. (2006)Content-Based Image Retrieval Theory and Applications available at http//www.dcc.unicamp.br/rtorres/artigos/journal/torres06rita.pdf last accessed on 24th September 2009Veltkamp R. C., Tanase M. (2002) Content-Based Image Retrieval Systems A Survey Department of Computing Science, Utrecht University available at http//give-lab.cs.uu.nl/cbirsurvey/cbir-survey.pdf last accessed on 24 th September 2009Wang J. Z. (2001) SIMPLIcity Semantics-Sensitive coordinated Matching for Picture Libraries available at http//infolab.stanford.edu/wangz/project/imsearch/SIMPLIcity/TPAMI/wang2.pdf last accessed on 24th September 2009Wen Ch. Y, Yu Ch. Y., (2005) Image Retrieval of Digital Crime Scene Images, Forensic Science Journal available at http//fsjournal.cpu.edu.tw/content/vol4.no.1/06-95-04.pdf last accessed on 24th September 2009.

Factors of Single Parent Families

Factors of Single P arnt FamiliesSingle- recruit familiescan be defined as families where a pargonnt lives with dependent children, either alone or in a larger household, without a spouse or partner. Single- foster is a parent who maintenances for one or more(prenominal) children without physical assistance of another parent in home. Single parenthood may vary according to the local laws of different nations or regions. Single-parent families which are families with children under age 18 headed by a parent who is divorce, widowed, adoption, artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood or not married. But mostly single-parent families came about because of the death of spouse. also that, most of the single-parent families face common problem and special challenge, the most common problem is their children. Children who live with single father or mother, they rescue to take care themselves and get less care from parent because of busy working. According to social scientists, chi ldren who growing up in single-parent families are disadvantages in other ways when compared to a two-biological-parent families. Many of these problems are directly related to the execrable economic condition of single-parent families, not dear to parenting style.Factors of Single-Parent FamiliesThe effect on childrenIn single-parent families, children tend to experience short-and long economic and psychological disadvantages, higher absentee rates at school, lower levels of education, and higher dropout rates (with boys more negatively affected than girls). Besides that, they give more tatterdemalion activity, including alcohol and drug addiction. Teenagers, on the other hand, are more negatively affected by parental discord prior to divorce than by animate in single-parent families and actually gain in responsibility as a result of altered family routines. In addition, children in single-parent families more carely to suffer wound up problem, due to mother and father spli t up or any other reason. Children in single-mother homes are also more likely to experience health-related problems as a result of the decline in their living standard, including the lack of health insurance. In future, children who from single-parent families become adults, they are more likely to marry early, have children early, and divorce. Girls are at greater risk of becoming single mothers as a result of noncapital childbearing or divorce.Economics of single-parent familiesThe main problem of single-parent families is economic, in single-father families, at that place will be no any problem, because father have particular job, have no worry. But in single-mother families, there might have problem, for example, when single-mother divorced or widowed, she have no any job or any income to maintain the families. Single-mother has to face economic problem, such as lack of money pay for children studies.Lower level of educational achievementChildren or teenagers who live under s ingle-parent families will face lower level of education problem, this is because the families facing finance problem, having poor economic condition, so the parent have no enough money send the children to tuition, or any learning centre to have extra learning, children just only go to the government school study. Besides that, parent who have finance problem, he or she dont have enough money to buy the germ books for their child, they just study the text book, vernacular get extra learning material or lastledge.Children / Teenagers having conflict with their parentChildren or teenagers who lives in single-parent families will have conflict with the parent, this is because the parent are busy working outside and overhaul less cartridge clip with their children, or even cant have a proper communicate with them, lack communication between parent and their children, then the conflict occur. Parent who busy working outside, they cant spend more time on them, thats why the parent dont even know what their child need or wants. Besides that, children or teenagers with argue with their parent because the parent cant understand them, cant have a good communicate with them.Less supervised by parentIn a single-parent families, single father or mother are busy working at outside, they dont have much more time supervised their children. This will cause the children turn to bad side, because the parent cant spend time on supervise them. When parent busy working not at home, or parent dont have much time with the children, so when the children will feel alone or boring, they will hanging out with friends, truancy with friends, smoking with friends, or taking drugs. In this situation, the parent doesnt know at all, they dont know what their children doing outside, making good or bad friends.No disciplineChildren who lives in single-parent families, most of them dont have discipline, this is because single father or mother didnt spend time on family education, they just busy with their job. Family education is important for children, for example, children who dont have discipline, he or she is just a rude boy or girl, they dont know what is adore and how to respect other people. Besides that, when the children study in school without discipline, he or she dont know how to respect the teacher and not following the instruction, for example, when teacher training the lesson, he or she playing with other friends and disturbing other students, he or she will be punish by the teacher or passkey due to dont have any discipline.Divorce parent/single parent finds new partner who treats the children of the previous partner badlyWhen a divorce parent or single parent live single for few years, he or she might find a new partner for accompany his or her. But here is the problem, if the parent find the new partner is bad, the new partner will treats the children of the precious partner badly. For example, if the new partner of the parent doesnt like the chi ldren, he or she will keep making trouble on them, such as beating them, threaten the children, and any other worst things on them.

My Teaching and Learning Paradigm in the Classroom

My Teaching and Learning Paradigm in the ClassroomIntroductionEvery educator should possess his or her own unique set of pedagogics philosophy which suits the ever-changing needs and demands of education in todays society. Exploring and developing the beliefs of teaching plays an authoritative authority in modify to the success of an educator in the teaching profession because our beliefs can generate our own confirmation. This teaching philosophy has been shaped by my personal experience when dowery my alma mater as a relief teacher, as considerably as my prior experiences in teaching experience and teaching assistantship as a trainee teacher. It lead serve as a basis for my embarkation to the profession of education with the aim of success in teaching.My Belief of Teaching and Learning ParadigmMy vegetable marrow belief of teaching has been carved out based on the saying of a Greek philosopher, Socrates Education is the kindling of a flame, non the filling of a vessel. Pe rsonally, I would like to further build this belief upon the old saying If I try a man a fish, I feed him for a day if I teach him to fish, I feed him for a lifetime.So, which came first, the chicken or the egg? If my student were to ask me this question, I would probably smile at him and reply, Why dont you find out and tell me?Many times during my interaction with young children through my teaching experiences, I was often stumbled upon the questions posed by the inquiring minds of theirs. While there may be non definite answers to their questions, I often did not give them the answers directly.This is what shaped my core belief about teaching learning is that it is not just further a process of acquiring knowledge or skills (dictionary.com, 2012) but also a journey of discovery where sometimes the process of discovery is more important than the discovery itself. It is important not to spoonfeed the children with answers.My Teaching Belief Now and ThenRole of the teacher To append to Differentiation and AdaptationsIn this 21st century, it is a generation armed with myriad of technologies. The power of IT allows an individual to google for the answers just by a few clicks in a space without boundaries. So, one may question the role of the teacher since most answers to questions can be found on the internet. A teacher takes up galore(postnominal) roles, one of which is to teach. And so, what if the information found on the internet does not suit the appropriate level or the learning style of the child? In my view, this is where the important role of the teacher comes in.In the past, I apply to think that having a single-way surface of tackling the concept is sufficient, and assume that all children would be able to understand what is universe taught. However, after taking this course, I come to realise that every child is a unique individual with different learning styles visual learners, auditory learners, haptic learners as well as Kinesthetic le arners. This is even more crucial when it comes to hatfuling with children with special needs. It is important not to assume, as it often does not ruminate the reality. It is also demand for the teacher to adapt to the differentiation of the child. However time-consuming and taxing to modify the curriculum and the 8worksheets it may retardms, I believe it is all price it as the child would be able to learn something new that would benefit him.In my opinion, the teacher has to package her lessons in a creative and dynamic way, at the same time, tailoring to suit the individual students with a myriad of different learning styles. There is never a one size fits all approach in anywhere, including the classroom, as well as the internet. To me, what the teacher does is to try her best and tailor the content to the ability of the class. Hence, it is essential that the teacher examine the profile of each individual student before the semester. Perhaps, it is also ideal to find out the l earning styles of each child prior to the lesson from their p atomic number 18nts or from the former teachers. However, if time does not permit, this could be done over the semester, when one has taught the class for a period of time and knows the different learning styles of each individual child. jibe to Gardners theory of tenfold intelligences, there are a total of 8 intelligences linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, intrapersonal, interpersonal. It is important for the teacher to approach a concept in a variety of ways.Hence, for my upcoming Practicum 1 and 2, I would be more tactful in including different approaches, such as including Youtube videos, songs, poems, story-telling, hands-on experiments into my lesson plan to cater to the different learning styles of my students.Of course, there are many other roles of the teacher which include counsellor, mentor, friend, disciplinarian, group dynamics facilitator, motivational speak er etc. This would also mean that the many roles of a teacher stand for the never-ending list of workload. This is when the problem seeps in, when one has to struggle with the issue of work-life balance. To me, work is never-ending and time waits for no one. It is crucial that the teacher adjusts his or her working style, to deal with each matter one at a time. This would avoid creating unnecessary stress which is unhealthy to oneself.Parents, too, have special needsIn the past, I used to think that the main challenge I would face is the children, especially those with special needs. However, after taking this course, I was taught to rethink and view things from the perception of the parent. It is not only some children who have special needs some parents, too, have special needs.In this generation where parents are generally more educated than in the past, they do have a high demand from the teachers of their children. Sometimes, these demands are something that supersedes expect ations which can be way beyond our limits. Encounters with parents of children with challenging behaviour can come in a variety of forms and for a variety of reasons. It is worth remembering that sometimes they are flooded with a range of strong emotions triggered by nothing to do with school. Hence, it is essential not to take their comments personally and put you down. Ultimately, it is the children that we have in heart.In fact, I used to have this mentality to why I should take up the role of a parent when I am just a teacher. Besides, I am only in my early twenties and I cannot see myself behaving like a mother who possesses all the motherly traits. I would tend to draw the clear line between the responsibilities of a teacher and a parent. Also, I would think that it is the responsibility of the parent to build a positive upbringing in the child.However, I realised that every family has their own problems. Sometimes the parents are in denial that the behaviour is unacceptable a nd feel the schools expectations are unreasonable. It can be difficult to deal with such parents (Rogers, 2004). However, it is important to remain professional and not to give in to the temptation of throwing in the towel. Even though, I still do not think that a teacher should take up a role as a surrogate parent, however, I am able to emphasise with their situation more compared to the past. I believe it is important not only to tame collegial and pupil relationship, but also parental relationships.Creating a Positive Primary Classroom EnvironmentA classroom is the place where a teacher will be most involved during his or her professional career as a teacher (Louradusamy, Myint, Quek Wong, 2003). Hence, creating a positive primary classroom environment for the pupils is an integral part of good classroom management (Weinstein, Miganana Romana, 2011). I strongly believe in this and have integrated it as part of my teaching philosophy after taking up this course. In additional, a classroom management reflects about my philosophy of teaching and learning, which tells a lot about me who visits my class (Louradusamy et al., 2003). According to Doyle (1986), the classroom may be considered as an ecological system and viewed the classroom as a unique unit in which the teacher and the pupils interact for a purpose of teaching and learning to take place.Given the already overload work that teachers have to juggle with, I used to think that going to the accomplishment of having an attractive classroom may be over demanding and impractical. However, after going through the teaching experience at Lian Hua Primary School, one of the things that captured my attending is the class pets a tank of guppies with iridescent colours and a furry Winter White hamster at the back of the classroom. Having to observe the class from the back of the classroom, surprisingly, it does not feel like an ordinary classroom to me. The entire feeling felt at the point of time was a bra nd new feeling that I have never felt before in a classroom. It felt more like a study room to me, rather than a distinctive classroom. After careful observation, I realised there was even a mini tuition corner, with carpeted floor, and bean bags. By the side of the windows, there were pots of common bean plants with the students name labelled on each pot. Apparently, that was a science experiment and the pots of plants were the works of students. The greenery brought the classroom closer to nature, and together with the pets corner and reading corner, they add vibrancy to the dismal classroom setting. At the end of the lesson, the student surrounded the cage and fed the hamster and guppies. One of them even picked up the hamster and gave it a few strokes at its back.Of course, I had burning questions flashed in the mind who is going to take care of the hamster? Who is going to change the water in the tank? Who is going to besprinkle the bean bags? As such, I spoke to the form teacher of that Primary 5 class. He said that the class pets are there to instil the whizz of responsibility and to build a caring classroom culture. The students have a class duty roster where students will take turn to feed and clean-cut the cage of the hamster and the guppies. He also emphasized that this takes time to build but the end result is often worth every efforts put in to score a positive classroom environment. True enough, the students I mingled with said that they do not find it a hassle to take up the duties of cleaning the cage and feeding the pets, Theyre part of our 5G family.The conversations exchanged with the students gave me further affirmation that it is all worth it to consider the aesthetic part of the classroom. In the future, I would definitely make the classroom attractive and pleasure-looking.ConclusionIn the midst of the 4 years training as a student-teacher, I have been told of the endless stories by in-service teachers as well as ex-teachers, abou t how taxing and demanding teaching can be. Undoubtedly, it is hard not to feel disheartened, sceptical and even fearful about what is lying ahead of me. However, I believe that one should not let the self-fulfilling prophecy take effect (Myers, 2004). One should be positive and should embrace the future.While it does not pay a lot in dollars to be a teacher in Singapore, the psychological and emotional rewards are more than suffice the light up look on a face when a seemingly unfathomable concept is finally grasped and understood the thank you cards from the students and the internet satisfaction of knowing that you have make a difference that left an undeniable mark on the future. This is my teaching philosophy that I have developed thus far, and it will continue to educate when I embark on my 4 year of teaching career.(2031 words)

Essay on The Holy Bible - Suffering and The Book of Job -- Holy Bible

Suffering and The Book of Job Life is difficult. Suffering...is not an exception to the human condition, it is the human condition (Gomes 405). The question of wherefore life can be unjustly cruel is asked today and has been asked since the beginning of time. And where is God in the midst of hardship? Is He non-existent, as the pagan nationment, Its stake alone that moves and rules our lives implies (Neiman 442). Or is God only parti in ally in control of situations, as Harold Kushner concludes, writing, there are some things God does not control (462). Is all suffering a direct result of our own actions, as David Neiman offers (He who is suffering and believes in a God of justice, must also blame himself for his state of being (438). Moses Maimonides prefers to view the question by focusing not on the external life that surrounds us, but on the internal condition of the heart. He argues that skillful and evil have their own reward and punishments within the spiri tual realm and outward appearances are inconsequential (Behrens and Rosen 434). For those who believe in a God who is accompaniment and active and who believe in the sanctity of the scriptures, the question of Gods justice in the Bible does moderatem a contradiction at times. As Neiman observed, The Book of Proverbs presents a formula for life, promising blessings to the man who lives a moral life (436). But is The Book of Proverbs a collection of promises or is it the wise mans observations of probabilities? One can see the unpleasant consequences of poor choices, as well as the good fortunes of those who have lived a clean life, but sometimes this moral law breaks down. As Neiman states, gravel has led men to realize that ... ...t out of self-interest (460). Love is not self-seeking. Love is illustrated by a mother who cares for her newborn baby and expects nothing in return. She continues to whop and nurture, until the child is an adult, in anticipation of the beautiful person the child will be. God wants us to anticipate the day when we will be made perfect, and confide His ways, like a child trusting its mother. Works Cited Behrens, Laurence, and Leonard J. Rosen, eds. Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. 7th ed. NewYork Longman, 2000. -Gomes, Peter. The Bible and Suffering. 400-405. - Kushner, Harold S. When Bad Things Happen to Good People. 452-462. - MacLeisch, Archibald. God Has assume of Man. 474-480. - Neiman, David. An Introduction to Job 435-444. The Bible. Revised Standard Version. 2nd ed. Dallas Melton, 1971.

In Favor of Gay Marriage Essay -- Homosexual Gay Lesbian Same Sex Ethi

In the twentieth century, America has underg matchless vast changes in family styles. Because of the increase in numerous gays and lesbians speaking out, we see a new emphasis on the word family. Many gays and lesbians have decided to come out of the closet shaking up an have sex that has made a ruckus between Americans (Carey 2). We find that the Defense of Marriage Act states that marriage should be between one man and one woman for federal purposes but is this fair? The United States was founded on the belief of equality, loyalty, and justice for all. The phrase for all means for everyone not everyone besides gays and lesbians. One issue that has struck Americans is that gays and lesbians want to adopt children and start a family. If gays and lesbians could marry they wouldnt have to go through all kinds of trouble to adopt kids.Whether the child is from a formerheterosexual marriage gone bad, artificial insemination, an agreement between a gay and lesbian, or co-parent adopti on, gays and lesbians will continue to fight for their rights and find shipway to create a fa...