American Women in the 19th vs 20th Century Essay

For many of the American history, women were not considered equal to men and were denied equality in many areas in life. In the 19th century women had no legal identity, apart from their husband. Married women could not hold property in their own names, make contracts, sit on a jury, write a will, or vote. Nor did women have the same opportunities for education and careers that men had. Yet, many women found ways to show their intelligence, courage, and leadership. In the 20th century, women in most states won the right to vote and increased their education and job opportunities. Since early 19th century women have been underestimated by men. Women were longed considered weaker than men. They were unable to perform work requiring muscular or intellectual development. A lower-class woman job included working for higher class families doing household duties, such as cleaning and cooking. Unable to afford help in the house they were responsible of their household duties. Traditionally, a middle-class girl would tend to learn from her mother’s examples. Cooking, cleaning, and caring for children was the behavior expected of her when she grew up. A lot was expected from these women, and they were often tired and sick. An upper-class married woman, after having everything as a child, is to be responsible of her own household and slave plantation. Different from the lower-class, the upper-class could afford a slave that was needed to help with house duties. â€Å"Upper-class women responsibilities involved; running a slave plantation, being a nurse to the slaves, making the slaves clothes, overseeing the food preparation, and supervising the work plans. †(Women in 19th) Most women were excluded from most jobs. The 20th century produced dramatic changes and opportunities for women. The success of many manufacturing wholesale trade, banking, and services depended on women and grew rapidly. During WWI, many women were government used as a political tool, enfranchising army nurses and female relatives of soldiers serving overseas in order to secure an election victory. Securing a job was only the first step in the right direction for women, soon after they aimed for the right to vote. â€Å"Women won the right to vote on August 26, 1920, but this long fight wasn’t easily achieved. It formally began 72 years earlier at the Seneca Falls Convention, organized by Elizabeth Cady and Lucretia Mott. †(Dougas, 1999) During that time the suffrage movements in the United States were large and vigorous. After the Union winning the Civil War, women hoped their hard work would result in suffrage for women as well as for blacks. But the blacks were granted citizenship and suffrage, not to women. The struggle to win the vote was slow and frustrating. â€Å"Wyoming Territory in 1869, Utah Territory in 1870, and the states of Colorado in 1893 and Idaho in 1896 granted women the vote but the Eastern States resisted. (WIC, 1994) Many Organizations were created that develop many meetings to help gain rights for women. The National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) came about after Elizabeth and Lucy Stone uniting their groups. Although they have not accomplished their goal, they continued to fight. â€Å"In 1907 international socialism decided to support women’s suffrage. Since bans against female party membership existed within most traditional political parties, Socialists, having to organize women separately from me, manage to create successful oriented movements in some countries. (Women’s Suffrage, 1996) Many other conventions and associations were form to help women to gain their rights. As the years advanced, women grew stronger and did not give up. Although they achieved the voting rights, they continued struggling to gain equal participation in political office alongside men. Winning the right to vote inspired the younger generation of women to go to school and gain the knowledge needed for a better life style. â€Å"Test made in the 1860’s that the scholastic achievement of girls was higher in the early grades than in high school. (WIC, 1994) This was caused by the lack of ambition given to the girls. Teachers and family did not expect the girls to achieve any educational skills. She was to anticipate in marriage and motherhood. Other girls who went to school were lucky, but not only because there was room for them. Generally, schools were open to girls during the summer. Summer was when the boys were working. However, colleges were still full of boys and very little of girls. Due to the Civil War an increase demand for higher education for women was needed. The reason of an eruption in the numbers of women entering higher education was the returning veterans and the later the baby boom. â€Å"During the 1960’s and 1970’s, due to social and legislative changes, several intuitions of higher education that had been previously all-male open doors to women. † (Harwarth) Numerous institutions and private schools became available to women. Men and women had arguments on the separation of genders but later the school converted to a coeducational public institution. After many disagreements and protests, women can now earn a degree alongside men who can no longer interfere with their education. The 19th and 20th century had different roles for women in the Unites States. In both centuries, women had to work hard to gain equality. Although women accomplished many goals, they still continue to strive for new ambitions, such as jobs. Women had the desire to vote and have equal rights with men, this gave them much respect. They were giving respect by having women institutions and public schools that directed them to join men. There will never be an ending to the equality between women and men. The competition among the two will always be there.

Poisonwood Bible: Analysis of Ruth May

Point/Purpose: The classic novel The Poisonwood Bible, by Barbara Kingsolver, features, among her three other sisters and mother, Ruth May Price, who is the 5 year old daughter of Reverend Nathan Price, who has been stationed in the Congo for a mission trip in the name of the Baptist Church in the year 1959, a time when many of the racial biases and attitudes toward Africans and women are still prevalent in the US, especially the Prices home state of Georgia.These biases and views have rubbed off on Ruth May, who as a young child absorbs and regurgitates all that she hears and experiences, which is why Ruth May represents the ignorance of some Western views towards the customs and general bias towards anyone with an African background. However, as she is integrated into her new society, Ruth May is able to befriend the entirety of the children in the settlement.Quotation/question: The biased way that Ruth May has been taught to see her future, along with how young and uneducated she is shown when she says, â€Å"Father says a girls can’t go to college because they’ll pour water in your shoes,† (pg 117). The way that Ruth May talks about her own gender and the Africans is very ignorant. Commentary: Ruth May has been affected by her surroundings very dramatically.The way that she thinks about Africans and women in a lesser manner than American men shows makes her situation a perfect example of nature vs.nurture. In this case, Ruth May is a product of her past, and her biased outlook on life is due to the way that she was brought up in the southern United States, which was a hotbed for racism in the early to mid-20th century. This state of mind is not permanent, however. Ruth May is just a child, and it is believed that children’s minds are the most moldable, so even though she had a prejudiced mind Ruth May has changed by hanging around the African kids.Ruth May is not only a character, as she could very well be an attempt by the autho r to show the biased nature of the south in 1959. Ruth May is an innocent result of her father and other men’s prejudice towards women and Africans. Technique: Barbara Kingsolver’s method to defining Ruth May’s character is based on her limited vocabulary and grammar knowledge, along with showing how she is a sponge for information.The way that Ruth May is allowed to be within the vicinity of conversations that the other girls would normally be unable to listen into shows how it is believed that, since she is just a young child, she is unable of making sense of the more mature topics that may be discussed. And this is true for the most part, as Ruth May mostly just simply files away the information that she may have been privy to. The author shows clearly Ruth May’s age along with her innocence and ability to accept information easily by writing from her point of view in the way that it would be expected a 5-year-old would think and act.

How to Write the University of Pittsburgh Essays 2018-2019

The University of Pittsburgh (colloquially known as Pitt) is a large research university established in 1787. Located in the industrial city of Pittsburgh, Pitt is home to 17 schools and over 19,000 undergraduate students. With an acceptance rate of 60%, Pitt was ranked 26th out of all public universities in the United States by U.S. News & World Report in 2018. The university has a thriving academic community, over 350 student clubs and organizations, and is known for its positive campus atmosphere; in 2010, it was rated as having one of the top 10 happiest student bodies in the country. The University of Pittsburgh strongly encourages applicants to write three short essays, granting potential students a great opportunity to showcase multiple facets of their personality, experiences, and interests. Read on for tips to help you master these essays and boost your chances of acceptance into one of the happiest and highest-ranking public schools in the country! This prompt provides you the space to demonstrate your   passions ,   initiative , and   desire to help others . Whether the impact you have made is large or small, the essay should show how you possess each of these qualities. Some good example topics for this essay: While the first example is on a â€Å"macro† scale, the second, more â€Å"micro† example can be equally as powerful if told well. If you decide to go with a smaller-scale impact, make sure it is written as a   story ; use descriptive details that really make the reader feel as though they were also there. While you should be descriptive and   show instead of tell   no matter what you are writing about (see guide to the prompt below for more details on showing vs. telling), it is especially important when writing about an experience that could seem trivial if it is not well-described. Be sure to also illustrate the impact; for instance, for the second example above, the writer could incorporate dialogue between herself and the student when he expresses his gratitude for her reaching out to him. Submit your essay and we’ll get back to you with helpful edits. As briefly discussed in our guide   How to Write the Common Application Essays 2018-2019 , the best response to this question should demonstrate how the intersection of your personality, interests, skills, and analytical-thinking abilities creates a distinctive combination — one that would allow you to contribute in an idiosyncratic way to the college to which you are applying. Taking it one step farther, UPitt is also looking for your ability to reflect. What evidence do you have of your uniqueness? What experiences can you point to that showcase your individuality? You will likely be doing some storytelling here, so it’s extremely important to   show and not tell. Here’s an example of the difference between the two: Note that the â€Å"showing† example also   avoids using any overused adages or clichà ©s , as such sayings can diminish the strength of the experience or emotion you are trying to convey. For example, when explaining the difficulties that come with growing up, writing â€Å"the inevitable blemishes of adolescence† is more distinct and illustrative than saying something like â€Å"the rollercoaster that is high school.† For some of you, this essay will be easy to start – maybe you’ve got an odd family tradition, an uncommon identity, a niche hobby, or even a peculiar birthmark that you could write about. In that case, be sure to point to specific experiences; you could focus on just one moment and tell the story with rich detail, or skillfully connect a few experiences together into one cohesive narrative. The key is to demonstrate your uniqueness through real-life examples and show how this uniqueness will translate into helping you excel at UPitt. But what if you don’t have some extraordinarily special aspect of life to point to? Don’t worry – most of the world doesn’t. The key is to remember that you are still unique! Your specific life experiences, background, personality, interests, and a million other things form a special combination that really cannot be found in anyone else. Try writing out all of your interests, skills, and passions, and then lift out a few from the list. Next, think about how these things come together and make you special. Are there any experiences that show how you, having your distinctive mixture of these separate identities or interests or abilities, were able to meet a challenge, relate to a stranger, help a peer, or learn something new about yourself? Really dig deeply into what you believe is truly unique about you, weave a story that features an experience or two demonstrating that uniqueness, and then show how this will help you contribute something distinctive to UPitt that nobody else can. With this prompt, UPitt wants to see your creativity and problem-solving skills. In other words, you should show the admissions office how you think . The key is to think small when answering this question: what’s a problem you see, and how would you fix it? We suggest you stay away from big national or global issues like â€Å"zero hunger† or â€Å"world poverty.† However, you may be able to concentrate on smaller, more specific issues within these broad zones, and most likely, the problem you’re interested in solving will be somehow related to family or interests or specific life experiences. (Bonus points if you can combine multiple areas of specialty together, drawing on your skills and experiences from two or more different academic or extracurricular areas!) The key takeaway here is that this prompt does not require a well-tested research project that’s been presented at multiple conferences — just pick any problem you see in your daily life and come up with a creative solution for it! As a word of caution, the only constraint is the word limit. While you have 750 words, the UPitt admissions office likely prefers the 200 to 300 range that they’ve suggested. In your answer, you should aim to have a brief background of what inspired your idea, an explanation of your idea, and the potential impact you’d like to see it cause. If you present something that requires a great deal of highly technical explanations, try your best to simplify it down so that any person walking down the street can understand your proposal. And worse comes to worst, pick something else! Remember: your actual product, process, business, or organization doesn’t matter so much as your inspiration and process – the story of your creativity, problem-solving, and compassion. Want help on your Pitt application or essays? Learn about our   College Apps Program. Want us to quickly edit your college essay? Submit it to our   Rapid Review program , and we’ll get it back to you quickly with comments from our expert team.

Askweek8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Askweek8 - Essay Example With proper company culture, there is assured and responsible use of the internet and social sites. The culture of internet use is growing, and all employees have been taught on responsible use of the internet. With collaboration taking a toll in business communication, interaction with the neighbors is fading away, how do you handle constant interaction with the neighbors? We ensure that, in every recruiting process, we undertake we have people from the surrounding communities. We also have community services that ensure that the community is well kept. We have established programs that help the community in their lives (Lange, 2012). How do you deal with the need to make profits, and at the same time the need to satisfy staff promotions, and increase in their pay? We understand that a good workforce will result in increased productivity. This is something we bank on, and we understand that the best way to have a productive workforce is to have them satisfied in their work. The only way to achieve this is to have a better pay. Do you think you company will benefits if they integrate their mode of operation with international standards? I believe that we are growing as a company, and there are many benefits, which we will see if we adopt international standards. I believe that we should emulate what have been set by world organizations and as a way of doing the right thing. We are required to adopt cultures that will auger well with international standards, are this policy adopted in your place of work? We have done all the necessary to ensure that all international requirements have been met. There are some which we have not undertaken but we are doing all we can, to ensure that we adopt them. The reason why we have not adopted them is not because we are not willing to, but because these polices are new. Do you consider your company successful in ensuring that their adoption of international

Strategic Management (DAVIS Case study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Management (DAVIS Case study) - Essay Example On the other hand Berendsen is involved in laundry, textile rental and maintenance etc in almost twelve countries in the continent (Davis-a, n.d.). This paper conducts a comprehensive SWOT analysis of the group. The paper also includes porter’s five forces analysis and BCG matrix in the context of Davis group. SWOT analysis is one of the major tools which is used to identify and analyze an organization’s internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities and threats which are likely to come up in near future or already has came up. It is useful strategic planning tool for the purpose of strategic decision making at different level in an organization. SWOT analysis tool was actually founded in 1960 by Robert Stewart, Albert Humphrey and their coworkers at the Stanford Research Institute. Strength: Strengths of Davis group is actually the strengths of two of its strategic business units namely Sunlight and Berendsen. Both Berendsen and Sunlight are the market leaders in their respective operating region and this is the major strength of the Davis group. Both Sunlight and Berendsen cover almost entire Europe. As a result market coverage of Davis group is huge. Further more both the units have strong network as there are large number of processing sites. Employee strength is also a major strength of Davis group. In Sunlight there are almost 9000 employees and in Berendsen there are 7000 employees (Sunlight, n.d.).The group needs to utilize this employee strength to achieve higher economies of scale. Weaknesses: Since both Sunlight and Berendsen are two companies working under the Davis group, it would be difficult to make Berendsen operate in UK and Ireland. Similarly the group would face problem to expand Sunlight in regions outside UK and Ireland. Since both the companies are involved in various textile maintenance service they might come to compete among themselves. This is a major weakness for

Internet Citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet Citizenship - Essay Example And it is a decisive factor in any political or governmental action now. Even otherwise, because of air travel becoming cheaper, movement of people of one country to another has become easier. Internet has made people more aware of the similarities in culture of other countries and their own. So the influence of the better governed countries has led people in to demanding more of the same from their own governments. Critical to the success of any society is the access of its ruling class to accurate information. Without a valid understanding of what is happening in the world, at home and abroad, it is impossible to make good decisions. In a democracy, the ruling class is - at least by definition - "We the People," and therefore the citizens of a democracy must have open access to information to make their decisions about their governors and the direction of their destiny. (Kohanski, 2008). The internet has made people better citizens of their own countries also. However, the biggest impact of internet has been the sense of belonging that it has given to its users. People now feel more in tune with their own feelings for their own country. Suppose some person is staying in the U. S. A. he is a citizen of Israel and before his coming to the states, he was a very active citizen of Lebanon. After his going to live in the States, he feels a strong feeling that he does not belong to the states i.e. he is an outsider there. Then he goes on the internet, and accidentally finds some other people from Lebanon who are staying in the states. He shares his feelings with them. But after meeting with them for a few times, he discovers that he has some feelings with which they do not agree. He is also interested in rock music. So he searches online for bars owned by persons, and meets a few who have become citizens of the states. He becomes better aware of the fact that he is not alo ne in the states and that even though the people who have become citizens of the

Gastronomy and Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Gastronomy and Tourism - Essay Example Gastronomy tourism has become of interest to many people, who would do whatever it takes to travel to the specific areas of interest to sample food and understand their culture of those places, contributing to the development of those regions and contributing to making them gastronomy tourism destinations. Gastronomy Tourism Gastronomy tourism is travelling to foreign countries to sample food and drinks while understanding their culture. The International Culinary Tourism Association terms culinary tourism as â€Å"the pursuit of unique and memorable eating and drinking experiences†. Many people are spending a lot of money just to travel to sample food in different gastronomy destinations. This has been limiting to some people and businessmen have taken advantage of the market demand. They have gone ahead to establish local joints where people can take foreign food and drinks. This has increased gastronomy tourism as people do not have to travel to the regions they have always wished to travel to and sample their food and drinks (Kiveal and Crotts, 2013). However, this act of gastronomy has faced some criticisms from some food experts from the various regions. They point out that food made in another place other than the original place may not meet the preparation, taste and cooking requirements. Some food requires preparing in a certain specific way, which may not be available in the foreign countries where they are prepared. They also state that having food from a certain place or country prepared in a foreign land may not have developmental impact on the locals where that food or drink is from. Despite the criticism, there are restaurants and hotels that have specialized in preparing the various cuisines from different places in the world. There are some hotels that can prepare just about any cuisine. Some people have really appreciated this because it offers them a chance to enjoy foods and drinks from foreign lands without having to travel there. Ga stronomy Tourism Trends Gastronomy is becoming popular among people in different parts of the world. The trend has been on the increase in the last decade as people across the world get interest in the culture of certain jurisdictions and territories. According to the International culinary association, the number of people who are involved in culinary activities in the United States a lone was more than twenty million people in the last three years. The number is higher compared to the data three years back. Tourism across the world has been on the increase. According to the world tourism organization, the number of tourist arrivals in the world increased by four percent to approximately one billion tourists in 2012 alone. The revenues generated by tourists amounted to about one trillion dollars. Of that money, about thirty six percent was spent on food. The international culinary association found out that most tourist spend about a third of their expenditure on food. The increase in the number of tourists across the world has a high impact on gastronomy tourism. The more the number, the more food they will need in the foreign land. They have no option but to take the food available in the countries they have visited playing a role in gastronomy tourism. The number of tourists visiting different places in the world is expected to increase at an average of four to five percent per year as the World Tourist Association points out. As such, gastronomy

Communcation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communcation - Essay Example Cross-cultural differences among citizens and consumers may cause cognitive, behavioral and emotional constraints that form barriers to effective communication. Therefore, human resource managers should develop business strategies that reduce communication barriers created by cultural differences among people in the business world. When companies are expanding their business territories, they find themselves handling people from various cultures either I the same country or different countries for the case of international businesses. Cross-cultural differences among citizens and people may be problematic for businesses and other organizations. Cultural differences on local, regional, national and international perspectives may influence how organizations communicate with clients. Cultural differences are a central issue in operations of any organization, business or firm. Variations in cultures across organizations and regions worldwide present several barriers to communication. International businesses and companies operate in areas with diverse cultures worldwide. Therefore, managers of such companies should develop marketing strategies that incorporate cross-cultural issues. The marketing and advertising strategies should develop business relationships among people from different cultures. An effective communication strategy starts by considering the fact that both the sender and the receiver of the message are people from different cultures. Therefore, understanding such cultural diversity is important in ensuring successful cross-cultural communication. To ensure successful integration of cross-cultural aspects in co mmunication strategies for companies, there is a need for proper research on the effect of cultural diversity on business communication (Romani and Claes, 2014). In order to develop effective measures to manage cross-cultural variations affecting communication it is imperative to understand different cultures. Each culture has its

Starbucks Coffee Company - An Analysis Assignment

Starbucks Coffee Company - An Analysis - Assignment Example No Heading Page No 1 Retail Sales Mix by Products Type for Company –Operated Stores 3 2 Coffee & Snacks Shops – Industry at a Glance – 2011 4 3 Total Net Revenues of Starbucks 5 4 Ranking of Porter’s Five Forces 7 5 Outlet Numbers of Selected Specialty coffee stores 9 4 Number of Coffee Outlets - UK 10 6 Comparable Stores Sales Growth 15 1.0 Introduction: Starbuck is the leader in roaster, retailer and marketer of specialty coffee in the international level functioning in sixty nations around the world. Through company operated stores, Starbucks buy and roast first-rate coffee beans which it would market with handcrafted tea, coffee and other hot drinks, roasted beans, coffee accessories and a number of food items to its customers around the world. Starbuck main goal is that its coffee should be grown under the top standards of quality employing just buying practices. (Bussing-Burks: 1). Retail Sales Mix by Products Type for Company –Operated Stores : Starbucks established its first store on March 29, 1971 in Seattle. The major turning point in Starbucks operations started after Howard Schultz joined as director of Starbucks retail marketing and operations in 1982 as Starbucks started to offer coffee to espresso bars and fine restaurants. In 1984, Howard convinced the founders of Starbucks to apply the Italian coffeehouse concept in Seattle and in 1984, the ever first Starbucks Caffe Latte was offered. In 1987, Starbucks was acquired by II Giornale and the name was changed to Starbucks Corporation (Gilbert: 1). In 2000, Howard Schultz was promoted as chairman of the company. In 2008, Howard Schultz returned as the chief executive officer from the position of chairman and Coffee Equipment Company was acquired. In 2011, it acquired evolution fresh and in 2012, it acquired La Boulange. As of 30th September 2012, Starbucks has 9405 company –operated stores and 8661 licensed stores around the world. (â€Å"Starbucks Timeline 2012†). 1.1 â€Å"Segment Analysis â€Å" â€Å"Current Market Position† Coffee & Snacks Shops – Industry at a Glance – 2011 â€Å"USD in Billions† Revenue 26.5 Industry Annual Growth 2006 to 2011 2% â€Å"Annual Growth 2011 to 2016† 4.1% Industry Profit 1.6 Industry Wages 6.1 As per IBIS World Industry Report 2011 (Coffee & Snacks Shops), Starbuck is occupying 32.6% of share in the industry. (Fellner 2008:17). As per Starbucks annual report, Starbuck serves about 33% of total QSR (Quick Service Restaurant), which includes both convenience store coffee shop and coffee shop despite cutthroat competition in QSR, Starbuck is able to hold its share in the industry. Further in the global market, every one cup of coffee out of 100 cups of coffee served is being served by the Starbucks. 1.2 â€Å"Current Strategies† Recovering from recession, Starbucks has attained the highest annual income of $11.7 bn in the year 2011. During 2011, Blonde Roast, was introduced in its products, it entered into the juice segment by acquiring Evolution Fresh. Starbucks is now able to serve about 60 million

Body modification Essay Example for Free

Body modification Essay Nowadays, students have more opportunities to choose what sport they want to play. One of them, for example, is Ultimate Frisbee. It is a rising sport here in the Philippines. It is played with a disc with 7 players per team, 4 boys and 3 girls or 5 boys and 2 girls but the 4/3 ratio is more applied in almost all leagues and tournaments. Basically, the goal of this game is to score in an end zone and played with a 50-min. time cap or in the finals just a 15-pt. point cap. There have been countless leagues and tournaments for students. One kind of tournament is the NUCC or the National Ultimate Collegiate Championship. It is tournament exclusively for students and alumni of different schools. I asked some of the student-athletes on how they manage their time on playing and academics. It is pretty hard to manage time with the training schedule and their academics, as I am one of the student-athletes. Some of the ones that I asked answered that they put their academics first before they go to play or to train and some procrastinate their acads for ultimate Frisbee while some have a specific schedule for training. All of the student-athlete say that they sometime have to sacrifice one for the other but they try to get back what they lost. They say that it’s time management that you need when you are a Student-Athlete. Every sport has their own sports attire and gear. And Ultimate Frisbee has its own specific attire and gear. Examples of these are: dry-fit shirt with the team’s name on the front and the player’s number on the back, dry-fit shorts, and cleats or spikes. Injuries are almost a part of playing this sport as sometimes you cannot predict that you will have a tiny bruise or even yet break your anterior cruciate ligament or ACL or your ankle so some of the players who already injured their ACL or ankle have knee or ankle support when they play, after their recovery, and to protect them from the harmful rays of the sun they wear sunblock, hats, and rash guards. Sometimes the disc slips off the hands of the players hence they wear a special glove that is anti-slip. The pictures below are examples of what Ultimate Frisbee players wear. There is also a new up-rising sport in the world of Board Sports here in the Philippines. It is Longboarding or Downhill Longboarding. Basically, a longboard is just the bigger brother of the skateboard because the longboard is bigger, wider, and more stable than the skateboard. The rule of Downhill Longboarding is like any other race-oriented sport, whoever goes through the finish line wins but the twist is you are in a board with speeds reaching up to 75 km/h depending on what the track is and the fastest known hill here in Metro Manila is in Sierra Madre. There are also different types of competition in Longboarding not just downhill racing, and they are: Slide jams, and Push races. Slide jam is a competition where you can show what your hardest and coolest tricks and judges decide who the winner is. Push race is a race where you push or in the players’ jargon term â€Å"padyak† from the starting line to the finish line and the distance is very far. The last recent push race held here in Metro Manila, the Sector 9’s Push Don’t Pollute which was a 10-km race. These competitions have various categories and they are: Men’s A, Men’s B, Women’s, Amateur, and Open. There is a very special kind of playing longboard and it combines all the three types, it is Freeriding. In Freeriding, you can do outrageous drifts and slides which is on an open road unlike the other three where you are playing on a closed road. And under Freeriding is Freestyles, on this type you can do dances, grab tricks, and manuals or wheelies. Like all other extreme sports, Downhill Longboarding has also safety rules like: wear safety gears and leathers. Safety gears are helmet, gloves, knee pads, and elbow pads. In downhill racing, the safety gears are just helmet, gloves and leathers. And in the other two, its helmet, gloves, knee pads and/or elbow pads. Here are the photo examples of Longboarding: The Hipster: Carmela Llorca An Article on Hipsterism on psychologytoday. com The Sad Science of Hipsterism The Psychology of Indie Bands, PBR and Weird Facial Hair Published on September 8, 2010 by Jeff Wise in Extreme Fear Behold the hipster, the stylishly disaffected breed of twentysomethings whose fog of twee whimsy envelops Williamsburg and the East Village. Most who encounter the hipster in its natural habitat respond in one of two ways: derision or ridicule. But science does not cast judgment. Its goal is to explore and explain dispassionately, whether the object of study be the noble eagle or the lowly nematode. So what does science have to tell us about this fascinatingly misunderstood breed, the indigenous North American hipster? Surprisingly much. In a paper in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Consumer Research entitled Demythologizing Consumption Practices: How Consumers Protect Their Field- Dependent Identity Investments from Devaluing Marketplace Myths, authors Zeynep Arsel and Craig J. Thompson delve deep into the phenomenon of hipsterism, and in particular its most abiding mystery: if everyone hates hipsters, why would anyone want to be one? The long and short of it is that they dont. In general, psychologists who study consumers understand that people are largely motivated to spend money not just on things that they materially need, but that bolster their sense of identity. They purchase not just goods and services, but mythologies. Imagining themselves as rugged, rebellious patriots, they buy a Harley-Davidson. Imagining themselves as respected and well-heeled, they buy a Lexus. Hipsters, though, follow a different paradigm. Their problem is that their purchases tend to place them within a category whose mythology they despise. Thats right: Nobody likes hipsters, not even hipsters. As Arsel and Thompson put it, the beats of the 50s and hippies of the 60s and 70s, both of which had an admirable authenticity about them even if you didnt care for the particulars, eventually gave rise to the millennial hipster, which came to be represented as an uberconsumer of trends and as a new, and rather gullible, target market that consumes cool rather than creating it. As examples of the dorkification they cite online parodies of the iconic Mac v. PC ads and this viral YouTube video. The upshot being that any people who legitimately enjoy all the trappings on hipsterhood the authors mention Pabst Blue Ribbon, Puma, and the trucker hat must psychologically distance themselves from the demographic group of which they are so clearly a part. And so their subconscious brains have to work double time so that they can convince themselves that the things they buy do not reflect on their true character. Arsel and Thompson interviewed hipsters and asked them how they dealt with the problem of being identified as such. The answer, they found, was to demythologize the hipster experience, that is, to psychologically reclassify their own behavior as being separate from the aggregate activity that the rest of the world lumps together as hipster. They interviewed one consumer, identified as Scarlet, who told them: Im not gonna lie, I shop at Urban [Outfitters] sometimes, only when its on sale of course I like doing a lot of the things that are the hipster thing to do, but I do them because I like to do them, not because theyre the cool thing to do. And because I am immersed in the social scene where there are a lot of hipsters, people mistake me for being one of them. The deeper irony is that those who try to assert their independence from the commodification of identity wind up tapping into another marketplace myth, what the authors call the myth of consumer sovereignty. This is the idea that by assiduously selecting from all the identity markers available for purchase, a person can assemble one that authentically reflects their true self independent of the marketplace. Some of the hipsters that Arsel and Thompson talked to are well aware of the futility of this project. Said one, identified as Tom: I dont necessarily know every single weird obscure band. I dont necessarily want to. But I mean, yeah, who do I hang out with? I hang out with like a bunch of tattooed indie dorks. So, yeah, I guess I am but I wouldnt self-identify, I think. Id listen to stuff thats outside the mainstream or its like I dress weird compared to the majority of the population. I just try not to think about it too much. The minute you start identifying with a subcultureyou kind of lose individuality, surrender part of your identity, and we dont wanna do that. This, then, is the essence of being a hipster. Pretending you arent one. Filipino hipsters today can be found mainly in Cubao Expo or in The Collective in Makati. Many hipsters hate that they are called hipsters because it would connote them to a certain stereotype. Jobless, irresponsible, beer-drinking, night-dwelling twentysomethings who have vast knowledge of some obscure topic that is not mainstream. The goal is, the more you know of this something that has been never heard of, the higher you are in the hipster ladder. Additional points to those who are environmentally aware, more points if you are vegetarian and more points if you only smoke either marijuana or cigarettes. Sarcasm and wit are the main means of discussion and usually topics flow from â€Å"which was the best circa for French films† to â€Å"Philosophical take on my coffee choices† Nonetheless, this stage of life is a purgatory for those who don’t have anything solid they can call a career or just lazy to actually start on and would rather debate on the importance of a job. Don’t get me wrong, there are ACTUAL HIPSTERS. Those whose actual being is an admirer of the past eras, have an interest in something peculiar or probably, really an environmentalist who goes around riding bikes. The Professional: Theresa Llamas Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Katz, D. ; Braly, K. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol 28(3), Oct 1933, 280-290. The degree of agreement among the students in assigning characteristics from a list of 84 adjectives to different races seemed too great to be the result solely of the students contacts with members of those races. Individual experience may have entered into a students judgment, but it probably did so to confirm the original stereotype which he had learned. Because human beings from time to time exhibit all kinds of behavior he could find confirmation of his views. By omitting cases which contradict the stereotype, the individual becomes convinced from association with a race that its members are just the kind of people he always thought they were. The manner in which public and private attitudes are bound up together was shown in the order of the 10 racial and national groups as determined by the definiteness with which students assigned characteristics to them. The definiteness of the stereotyped picture of a race, however, had little relation to the prejudice exhibited against that race. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH TATTOOS AND PIERCINGS: MOTIVES, FAMILY EXPERIENCES, PERSONALITY FACTORS, AND PERCEPTION BY OTHERS GORDON B. FORBES Body piercing, which is prevalent in young adults, has been suggested to be associated with features usually related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) such as high-risk behaviours and psychopathological symptoms and might be motivated by a wish to deal with prior traumatic experiences. However, to date, no research has investigated the relationship between this practice and PTSD symptoms. The present research aims to investigate the possible relationship between body piercing and PTSD symptoms in French-speaking young adults. According to our results, having two or more body piercings was associated with a twofold increased risk for scoring above the cut-off score for PTSD on the PTSD checklist. Our findings suggest that two or more body piercings might serve as an identifiable marker for PTSD symptoms and may have important implications for clinical screening. Copyright  © 2012 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Read More: http://www. amsciepub. com/doi/abs/10. 2466/pr0. 2001. 89. 3. 774 PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TATTOOED AND NONTATTOOED INDIVIDUALS VIREN SWAMI This study examined differences between tattooed and non-tattooed individuals on a range of personality and individual difference measures. A community sample of 540 individuals from the southern German-speaking area of central Europe completed a survey consisting of measures of the Big Five personality factors, Need for Uniqueness, Self-esteem, sensation seeking, Religious and Spiritual Beliefs, Attitudes Toward Tattoos, tattoo possession, and demographics. Preliminary analyses showed that 22% of the total sample possessed at least one tattoo. Further analyses showed that, compared with non-tattooed (n = 420) individuals, tattooed participants (n = 120) had significantly higher scores on Extraversion, Experience Seeking, Need for Uniqueness, and held more positive Attitudes Toward Tattoos, although effect sizes of these group differences were generally small- to medium-sized. These results are considered in relation to the contemporary prevalence of tattoos in socioeconomically developed societies. Read More: http://www. amsciepub. com/doi/abs/10. 2466/09. 07. 21. PR0. 111. 4. 97-106 Exploring professional stereotypes and learning for inter-professional practice: an example from UK qualifying level social work education. Bell, Linda and Allain, Lucille (2010) Exploring professional stereotypes and learning for inter-professional practice: an example from UK qualifying level social work education. Social Work Education, 30 (3). pp. 266-280. ISSN 0261-5479 This paper explores the concept of stereotyping from UK social work students’ and educators’ perspectives. It discusses findings from an exploration of inter-professional practice with two cohorts of final year social work students in a UK university. The authors adapted a questionnaire (Barnes et al, 2000; Hean et al, 2006) to initiate discussion about inter-professional working with BA and MA students participating in a specialist child and family social work module. This paper analyses students’ responses to the questionnaire and explores wider issues relating to professional stereotyping and identity, discussing the usefulness of these concepts for social work education and collaborative practice. Results suggest that student social workers held both positive and negative assumptions about specific occupations / professions (such as medicine), and that these acted as a mirror or tool for reflecting back their own views of social work identity/ies. We argue that this pedagogic exercise in identifying stereotypical assumptions about ‘others’ may encourage the building of a positive sense of ‘own’ professional identity. We further suggest that students should be encouraged to construct a core social work identity that is dynamic and responsive to changing contexts. Body modifications, sexual activity, and religious practices. Rivardo MG, Keelan CM. Source: Department of Psychology, Saint Vincent College, 300 Fraser Purchase Road, Latrobe, PA 15650, USA. mark. [emailprotected] edu Relations among body modifications (i. e. , tattoos and piercings), sexual activity, and religious practices and beliefs were examined. In previous studies, Koch and colleagues found the type of body modification seemed to interact with sex to predict sexual activity; but only weak, negative correlations were found between tattoos and religious beliefs and practices. In a sample of 236 students (M age=20. 1 yr. ) from a small Catholic liberal arts college, numbers of tattoos and sexual partners were correlated statistically significantly. Other results differed by t sex: men with piercings were more likely to have had premarital intercourse, and women who had had premarital intercourse had more piercings than women who had not. There were no statistically significant correlations among body modifications and religious variables.

Example Answers to Tasks on Tata Motors

Example Answers to Tasks on Tata Motors Tata Motors Limited has revenues of US$20.5 billion in 2009-10. The companys 25,000 employees are guided by the vision to be Best in the manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver and best in our value system and ethics. Tata motors was formed in 1945 and till date has expanded across all locations in India. Today around 6 million Tata vehicles run on Indian roads. In 2005 Tata motors had entered a strategic alliance with Fiat to produce power trains and cars. Tata Motors also distributes and markets Fiat branded cars in India. Tata Motors is the first company to be listed in the New York Stock Exchange (September 2004) belonging to engineering sector of India. Today Tata Motors has Operations in the UK, South Korea, Thailand and Spain. Jaguar Land Rover, was acquired in 2008 by Tata Motors and it also acquired the Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company of South Korea in 2004 (http://www.Tatamotors.com) Task 1: a) Kurt Lewins change management model Today the theory of change management is plays the huge role in most of the business. However, how organisation change in their culture it is depend on the type of industry, change requirement and involvement if the individuals. The key thing in change management is hoe the individuals is recognised or get settled in change process. To understand the change management process in business Kurt Lewins developed the change management process model. This model was developed in 1950s and still is most used method in todays modern business. Lewins change model is going through three stages which is start from Unfreeze Change Refreeze and each of these stages is mention below. Unfreeze In this first stage of change process is preparing to check and requirement of change within the business, which involves identify the key areas which needs to change and try to break it so that you can introduce the new operation. To organize the business effectively, you need to begin at its nucleus and you need to challenge the viewpoint, ethics, approach, and behaviours that presently define it. With the similarity of a structure, you must study and be planned to modify the existing basics as they may not support add-on storeys unless this is done, the whole building may risk collapse. Usually the first part of the change process is very difficult because here you need to identify the key areas where you think change should be required. Furthermore, you may face some strong reaction who does not like the change and you should balance everything when cutting down the things. By forcing the organization to re-evaluate its nucleus, you efficiently make a calamity (which is under control), which in revolve can make a tough inspiration to search for a new balance. Without this inspiration you would not obtain to buy-in and contribution require resulting any significant change. Change After all the doubts which is created during the unfreeze stage, the change is the stage where you can try to resolve all the doubts and try to do the things in new different ways. In these stage individuals start considers and thinks in that way so that they support the new course. The conversion form unfreeze to change takes a bit time it does not happen suddenly, usually individuals take time to get adjust from unfreeze to change process. . A interrelated change model concentrate on the exact problem of individual evolution in a changing atmosphere and is helpful to understand this i will explain in detail below. Individuals should understand how the change process will help them if you want to create the change successful and acceptable within their employees. You should link the change with the individual benefit they simply did not accept the change only on the basis of the change is essential for the organisation. The two key elements to success of the change process is Time and Communication which plays the huge role. People should need some time so that they were able to understand the change and this should be highly communicated with in the employees during the change period. This is the best approach you can use while managing the change which requires great deal of time and effort. Regrettably, some individuals actually affect or harmed by the change mainly those who get the advantage for the past strategy. Others may take a bit long time to accept the change infect they accept it only when they think they will get benefit from the change. Refreeze When the changes are get start settle in the business and individuals have accepted the new ways of operational the association is prepared to refreeze. The outcomes signs of the refreeze are a steady business plan reliable work responsibilities and so on. The refreeze stage also needs to help individuals plus the internal matters of the business and try to refreeze it. That means a change should be a continuous process and needs to there in every business. With a new sense of stability, workforce feels positive, secure and motivated in new culture of the organisation. There is always a big question mark over whether a change is required in the business or not if it is required how far it should be. Although change process is regular and continuous process but this refreeze stage is very important to complete the change process. Furthermore, employees also not been able to adjust with the new culture of the business and they not even know their new role and responsibility in the business. If you did not refreeze the change effectively then it is very difficult to attempt the next change successfully. The another part of refreezing process is make sure that you should enjoy yourself in the new culture of the organisation which helps the employees to enduring himself from the past stressful and sore time . (Sarah Cook, 2004) McKinsey 7S framework The McKinsey 7S model is a vital tool for the detailed study of the strategies that are to amended or to be changed. McKinseys model is a tool which focuses on the internal factors of an organization and can be implemented on a team or a project as well. The McKinsey 7S model can be used over various situations where a perspective is may be helpful, such as; Enhancing organizations performance. Align departments during the time of mergers and acquisitions. Implementing the best proposed strategies. Deciding the future changes in the organization. The elements in the model can be further categorized as; Hard Elements Soft Elements Strategy Structure Systems Shared Values Skills Style Staff Hard elements are easy to identify and define and the management of the organization are directly influenced by them. These are the main aspects of all official processes, organizational plans, reports and IT systems. Soft elements are the aspects which are difficult to describe that are less tangible and are more affected by the culture. (Prahalad ,1990) http://www.mindtools.com/media/Diagrams/mckinsey.jpg Strategy: It is a scheme develops for maintaining constructing competitive advantage over the opposition. Structure: hierarchy of positions in the company. Systems: the day today functioning of workforce for getting the job done. Shared Values: core values of the corporation which are supported in the corporate culture and the general work ethic. Style: the manner of leadership pattern implemented. Staff: the workforce and their wide-ranging potential. Skills: the real skills and competencies of the workforce functioning for the business. The basis of model is, if a business has to excel then the seven elements have to be arranged in a line and equally strengthen. It is used for identifying what requires to be realigned to get better performance, or for uphold alignment performance throughout erstwhile kind of change. whatsoever the category of change whether it be restructuring, mergers acquisitions, new processes systems or alteration of leadership, this model is used if comprehending how the business rudiments are interconnected, and also it ensures the wider impact of changes done in one region which is engaged into deliberation. This model is used for study of the present situation, a projected future situation and for identifying fissure and irregularity flanked by them. By making adjustment and fine tuning of the elements of the 7S model can be, the effective organization mechanism can be ensured. (Sarah Cook, 2004) John P Kotters eight steps to successful change John P Kotter is a Harvard Business School professor and leading thinker and author on organizational change management. Kotters suggest a model for change which has eight stages and can be outlined as: Increase urgency encourage employees to progress, and make the objectives seem genuine and important. Assemble the channel team get hold of the right employees in correct position who have the accurate poignant promise, and the true blend of skills and stage. Get the vision correct catch up or the team to set up a uncomplicated vision and strategy, focus on poignant and imaginative characteristic essential to impel service and efficiency. Communicate for buy-in engage more and more individuals as possible, correspond the fundamentals, simply, and to request and react to peoples requirements, De-clutter the communications. Formulate the technology to work in your favour instead against. Empowerment of deed Eliminate barriers, facilitate constructive feedback and plenty of support from leaders, reward and recognise development and accomplishment. Create short-range Goals lay down short time goals which are easy to achieve in controllable figures of initiatives. End present stages prior to going for the new stages. Dont give up promote and support fortitude and perseverance, give confidence in ongoing development, bring to light the accomplish landmarks and emphasize on the future ones. Make change fix strengthen the worth of victorious change via recruitment, promotion and novel change leaders. Intertwine the change into traditions (Sarah Cook, 2004). Task 1: b) Change management is done to achieve some overall goal and its not done only for namesake change. More often than not, the factors like significant incise in grant, dealing with main new markets or new clients, requirement for spectacular boost in productivity and services, etc. are the reasons behind a aggravated organizational change. In general, organizations must carry out enterprise-wide change to develop itself to a different level in its span of lifecycle. Tata Motors was primarily a maker of commercial vehicles and it is a extremely recurring type of industry. The commercial-vehicle market place in India shrivels in excess of 42 %, with enormous repercussion on top and operational management of organisation. The 110 million US$ deficit was the first time something on this magnitude had taken place in its past, and this actually tremble each one within the organization. Tata Motors struggle to understand what had gone erroneous and hunted to generate a trail for the upcoming days to make certain that they by no means got into such circumstances for a second time. Tata motors determined and implemented a revival plan which had three discrete stages, every one of which was anticipated to last for approximately 1.5 years and 5 years in total. Stage I was planned to stalk the haemorrhage. Expenses had to be abridged in a gigantic manner, and it was a massive defy for a organisation that was not only the major player in business but had been making use of a cost-plus loom to its value strategy. Stage II two was seen as strengthen their place in India as market leader, and stage III was all about intensifying their business internationally. (http://www.Tatamotors.com) Task 1: c) To be an effective leader of an organization requires you to do five things: Understand and interpret the environment in which he operate Develop winning strategies Execute them brilliantly; Measure the impact of your strategies followers. If you get results, people will support you, systematically, adjusting strategies as often without caring too much about how you got indicated. Develop organizational, departmental; the world wont retain the support of your followers team and personal capabilities. Team building is an application of various techniques of Sensitivity training to the actual work groups in various departments. These work groups consist of peers and a supervisor (Rob Paton, 2008). Task 2: a) In current period Tata Motors have counter a lot of confront more than ever from the increasing antagonism and globalization. To tussle back these peripheral problems, Tata Motors arrive out with strategy of expansion and growth to retaliate antagonism via mergers and acquisitions. And also to fight back the effect of globalization it strong-willed to slash expenditure and in that way bring in the worlds cheapest car. But all of these actions had brutal insinuation on its in-house organizational change. This effect of Change was seen both on the top and middle management as well as at the employee level. At the management level, the insurgent change was seen for slashing the expenditure and manufacturing and offering the cheapest car to the world market in stipulated time. At the employee level the change was mainly seen because of the a great deal necessary merger of Daewoo with Tata Motors, which profoundly originated a greater deal of change in its employees (http://www.Tatamotors .com). Task 2: b) Organisation-wide change is embarking on as an affair of continued existence. It is not an alternative or nor it is a notion. Change clutches a very huge expenditure in terms of human and physical assets, share prices, stakeholders lack of confidence, consumer discontent, receivables and cash flow. The reality is often a painful period of change, during which resistance is high, morale is low, productivity is falling, and confusion is rampant (Marsh, 2001). None of the organization accepts this without due consideration. As a matter of fact why does the change fails in spite of its grounds are now right, the need to change is very clear, its substitute are properly assessed, and the path to success is corresponded as such that each one in the organization can distinguish that the change is not discretionary but necessary. The solution or probable reason for this is, Just being right isnt good enough: you have to win the hearts and minds of the employees who will make the change happen (Marsh, 2001). There is not such incorporeal organization that can be changed. It is its staff who can craft intended change into realism by altering their behaviours and the conducts they communicate to each other. Putting change into operation in an organization forces employees to adjust how they communicate to each other. It changes the ways in which they deals with one another and changes their approach towards goals, processes and equipments. This may lead to anxiety which further causes resistance for change. Only people who instigate change enjoy it; other have to suffer it (Marsh, 2001). A lot of employees feel endangered if they are forced to change supposing that they might go down on power, prestige, competence, and security. They sense that what is occurring is outside their control, beyond their area of authority, and so fright about it. These suspicions may be well high and dry in experience but it also depend upon how the organisation has faced the change in past (Marsh, 2001). Task 3: a) The changes that have happen within organizations around the world over the last five years, have revolutionized how organizations will continue to operate for the next five years.    Businesses have realized that people are more important, whether that be the customer or the employees.    Employees must be happy, self assured, educated, trained, motivated, and leaders in order to be able to create the type of business that produces quality product.    The customer must be happy, and if the employees are not happy, they have a hard time making the customers happy (Porter, 1998).    Task 3: b) Stakeholder Analysis is the process that: Is intended for group stakeholders and Understands what stakeholders expect from the project and what they need in next of impending risks It recognizes activities to reduce risks and exploit profit by functioning with the stakeholders. In stakeholder analysis involvement of employees can be done by using two fundamental approaches, Representation Delegation. Both of them have certain advantages and disadvantages. (Sarah Cook, 2004) Representation: It endeavours to take in the complete variety of views, interest groups and organisational units as part of the complete judgment making process. It is also characterised by self-governing, committee-type judgment-making process. Advantages Disadvantages Covers full range of views It has apparent way to achieve extensive approval of judgment Involves people who may have limited knowledge of the subject area time-consuming decision-making process May lead to concession which doesnt symbolize best fit in every meticulous region Delegation: It pass on liability to those recognized as being best suitable to the job. Advantages Disadvantages Job done by those who have appropriate skills and acquaintance lets the system or work to progress forward extra swiftly the acceptance simply relies on faith in those delegated requires concern about covering of all relevant issues its proper understanding. Task 3: c) A change management strategy helps in identification, prioritisation, engagement and assessment of stakeholders. Explicit region of spotlight contain: Ensuring of sufficient indulgent of the objectives, timeline and procedure by every key stakeholder. Ensure that stakeholders who will be significantly impacted by the initiative or the change resulting from it have a clear understanding of how and when they will be affected. To persuade stakeholder outlook to turn into more optimistic or in any case less pessimistic en route for the proposal and/or the change that it shall fetch in regards. To ascertain an effectual response sphere between the stakeholder set and the management panel (Rob Paton, 2008) Task 3: d) The three greatest barriers to organizational change are most often the following. Insufficient planning of change of customs. The majority of organisations are superior at scheduling changes in reporting composition, Job region assignment, work responsibilities, and organizational structure. Organizational charts are usually amended repeatedly. Deadlines are set, yardstick are laid down, changeover group are agreed upon, etc. it is nowadays common to forecast lack of success and arrangement for consequential change. Whilst the planning team is moreover barely defined or is as well determined on purpose investigation and decisive philosophy, it becomes excessively effortless to mislay prospect of the fact that the intended change will have an effect on staff. Even at work, employees formulate a lot of judgment on the basis of opinion and perception. When the opinion of staff ignored, the consequence is over and over again unfathomable bitterness due to a number of unrecognized outlawed or custom has not been suitably valued. Be short of employee participation. Employees have an intrinsic terror of change. In the majority of strategic organizational change, in any case a few employees are asked to presume different odd jobs or focus on diverse facet of their Talent and expertise. The larger the change a employee is solicited to make, the more invasive that employees fear might be. As there is fear of failure in new presumed roles there will be fright of change. For triumphant change Employees should be involve as early as possible and allow them make as much of the change as achievable. As employees appreciate the motive for the change and have a chance to endeavour the change on for magnitude they further willingly accept and shore up the change. Defective Communiquà © Strategies. Idyllic communiquà © stratagem in circumstances of noteworthy organizational change must concentrate on the message, the manner of deliverance, the occasion, and the significance of information shared with assorted division of the organization. A lot of leaders think that if they tell their employees what they fell about the change, after that each one shall be committed and prepared to progress forward. In actual fact, employees require to be aware of why the change is being made and also more significantly, how the change is to be expected to have an effect on them. A full-size portrait message from the CEO helps a smaller in employee understanding and accepting the change. They want to hear about the change from their immediate managers. An approach of appealing straight supervision and permitting them to handle the communication process is the solution to a successful change strategy (Patron, 2006, Cook et. al., 2004) Task 4: a) RELEVANCE OF THE MODELS OF CHANGE Kurt Lewin states the three stages to change: Unfreezing: Create motivation/readiness for change Demonstrate need for change Communicate desired future Engender commitment Old principles and procedure must be chucked away and new system must be cultured. Discarding the old procedure can be as complicated as learning the new ones because of behaviour influence. A leader must aid to clear out the old custom before commencement of the new. Throughout this part of the progression a small tad of training is required to be imparted, also a great amount of emotional support is required to smash the old practices. Changing: Cognitive restructuring Identification with new vision of the organization Benchmark, invent, innovate Even though there will be great amount of bewilderment, overwork and anguish, there will also be optimism, innovation, and exhilaration. This phase of change necessitate a lot of training as the employees are getting use to new customs and small amount of support for the affect of stimulation congestion. Refreezing: Link new behavior to self-concept, reward Create social acceptance of new behavior The new procedures are now rationally and sensitively acknowledged. The things that were newly learnt are now in fact practiced on the work. Again some training and support is required for setting up further change process as it is continual process upgrading. (Rob Paton, 2008) (Sarah Cook, 2004) Task 4: b) Formulation of a strategic vision: A understandable vision of the organisations new strategy and its shared values is required for carrying out effective change. This vision gives the purpose and course for the transform. Exhibit Top-management dedication: It is essential that change is managed from the top-management of the organization, for eagerness to change of the senior management is a central pointer (Cummings Worley, 2005, page 490). The top management should be in support of the change in way to really execute the change in company. Model change at the highest level: The change must be very well-known at its first stage which shows management is in its close favour. It is also significant for management to shows the power of its present culture as well; it should be emphasized that present enterprise does not require sweeping changes, but just a small number of alterations. Adjust the organization to sustain change: The fourth step is to rearrange the structure of company to carry out change. Select and entertain newcomers and remove non co-operators: A method to put into practice a change is to unite it to organizational partisanship, employees are recruited or removed w.r.t. their fit with the new system. Enlarge ethical and legal feeling: Changes in culture go ahead to create nervousness amongst organisation and its staff which leads to ethical and legal trouble. This is predominantly applicable for alter in staff integrity, control, fair treatment and job security. Change in the organizations is very significant and unavoidable. Improvement is bound to be of greater complexity than continuation. Employees over and over again oppose changes therefore it is the responsibility of the management to persuade people for possible gain which shall overshadow the losses. (Porter, 1998)

Prostitution Should be Legalized :: essays research papers

During the 1700s, New York and Boston women began soliciting their bodies to soldiers stationed in the large cities. These women were mostly European immigrants who were looking for money to support themselves. Prostitution rose in these cities due to rapid urbanization, and an expansion of the male population. So, you may be thinking, â€Å"prostitution is illegal and evil, right?† Well, you are correct, but in my opinion, only by the standards of which you have been living in, which is that prostitution is illegal, and therefore, â€Å"risky business.† In my hometown of Elko, Nevada, population thirty-five thousand, prostitution is legal. People who hear of this tend to think there are scantily clad women on every street corner. I, however, have never seen a prostitute, or haven't noticed her if I did, because they are only allowed, by law, to â€Å"do their business† in a brothel that is in a small section of the town. These brothels are brightly painted, and there are almost no windows in the building. Unlike prostitution that is run in the cities, brothels in my town are run by a management of three or more people, not one pimp. As the customer gets buzzed in to the building, the management checks his identification to make sure he is at a legal age. The customer can then choose between any of the ladies lined up. The prostitute and customer go into a room, and negotiate a price, which is overheard by the management. The amount is anywhere from one hundred to three hundred dollars, the house receiving half. The prostitute receives the other half of the profit. In illegal prostitution, the female usually receives anywhere from six to fifteen percent of the profit off a customer. If she were to make one hundred dollars, she would only get around six to fifteen dollars off it. The pimp would get the rest. Here are another three reasons that prostitution should be legal in the United States. A law was passed in 1986, requiring legal prostitutes to engage in a sexually transmitted disease test every two weeks at the Northeastern Nevada Regional Hospital. If a prostitute is found with a sexually transmitted disease, she is quarantined, until the disease is cured. If the disease cannot be cured, then she is no longer allowed to work, and is put into a home.

Breastfeeding: Numerous Benefits for Mom and Baby Essay -- Expository

Breastfeeding: Numerous Benefits for Mom and Baby Abstract If parents care so much about their child when she grows up, it should begin from the moment of conception. The benefits of breastfeeding aren't always in the first year; many of the benefits last a lifetime. However, many parents don't know how good breast milk is for a child. Nowadays, mothers blame their busy schedules and use it as an excuse to formula feed their baby. Breastfeeding does not only benefit the baby, but also the mother. The benefits of breastfeeding are so abundant, mothers shouldn't ever consider feeding their baby formula. Breastfeeding: Nipple, Breast & all the Rest Today, breasts have gained the image of a sex symbol. Society forgets the main purpose women were blessed with breasts. Breasts were initially created for feeding and nurturing offspring, commonly known as breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is more than a baby simply sucking on a woman's breast. It is the natural way of feeding offspring that women have been doing for centuries. Breastfeeding is a beautiful way of nurturing a baby, and it automatically creates a special bond between a mother and her baby. The benefits of breastfeeding out number all, if there are any benefits of formula feeding. History of Breastfeeding In 1700-1600 BC, breastfeeding was the only option. If human offspring was not breastfed, just like other mammals, it would not survive. There was no question as to, "Was the baby breastfed?" but, "Was the baby breastfed by its own mother, a relative, friend, or wet nurse?" A wet nurse was usually hired and employed to supply milk to babies born to the wealthy. A widespread of wet-nursing for the royalty and others who were born high in rank began during ... ..., January/February). Assisting new mothers with infant feeding when breastfeeding is not an option. Pediatric Nursing, 27, 47-49. Greene MD, Alan. (1996, June). Benefits to breastfeeding. Retrieved March 11, 2003 from http://www.drgreene.com/21_552.html Kelly. (February 1998). Should breastfeeding continue when mom is sick? Retrieved March 25, 2003 from http://www.kellymom.com/meds/mom-illness.html Michels, Dia L. (1998). Mother nature loves breastmilk [sic]. Retrieved March 9, 2003 from http://www.breastfeeding.com/reading_room/mother_nature.html Ratner MD, Adam. (2002, May). Common breastfeeding problems. Retrieved March 24, 2003 from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002452.htm Stuart-Macadam, Patricia & Dettwyler, Kathrine A. (Eds). (2002). Breastfeeding history. Retrieved March 23, 2003 from http://www.seldomfar.com/nurturing/bfhistory.htm

Computer :: science

Computer About two hundred years before, the word "computer" started to appear in the dictionary. Some people even didn't know what is a computer. However, most of the people today not just knowing what is a computer, but understand how to use a computer. Therefore, computer become more and more popular and important to our society. We can use computer everywhere and they are very useful and helpful to our life. The speed and accuracy of computer made people felt confident and reliable. Therefore, many important information or data are saved in the computer. Such as your diary, the financial situation of a oil company or some secret intelligence of the military department. A lot of important information can be found in the memory of computer. So, people may ask a question: Can we make sure that the information in the computer is safe and nobody can steal it from the memory of the computer? Physical hazard is one of the causes of destroying the data in the computer. For example, send a flood of coffee toward a personal computer. The hard disk of the computer could be endangered by the flood of coffee. Besides, human caretaker of computer system can cause as much as harm as any physical hazard. For example, a cashier in a bank can transfer some money from one of his customer's account to his own account. Nonetheless, the most dangerous thief are not those who work with computer every day, but youthful amateurs who experiment at night --- the hackers. The term "hacker "may have originated at M.I.T. as students' jargon for classmates who labored nights in the computer lab. In the beginning, hackers are not so dangerous at all. They just stole computer time from the university. However, in the early 1980s, hackers became a group of criminals who steal information from other peoples' computer. For preventing the hackers and other criminals, people need to set up a good security system to protect the data in the computer. The most important thing is that we cannot allow those hackers and criminals entering our computers. It means that we need to design a lock to lock up all our data or using identification to verify the identity of someone seeking access to our computers. The most common method to lock up the data is using a password system. Passwords are a multi-user computer system's usual first line of defense against hackers.

Developmental economics Essay

Brain drain which is also known as the human capital flight, which can simply be defined mass migration of technically skilled people from one country to another country. In more simple words brain drain refers to the departure of skilled and educated people, like doctors, engineers, accountants, economists, scientists from one country to another to seek better life opportunities. Developing nations like Pakistan is badly suffering from brain drain. According to official estimates of Pakistan’s Overseas Employment Corporation, close to 36,000 professionals, including doctors, engineers and teachers, have migrated to other countries in the last 30 years. This report is based on the brain drain which has taken Pakistan aback, because of the very mass migration in the last few years. The background is given first which explains what brain drain really is. Then further the introduction is given which tells which parts of the world are affected by the brain drain and which ones are benefited by the brain gain. In the literature review part, different articles are summarized which gives us the detailed information about the current situation of brain drain in Pakistan and other developing countries. The last but the important part is the analysis in which all the articles are analyzed and then suggestions are given. Introduction: In the history there are many examples of brain drain. The brain drain initially started in 1492 when Jews were expelled after the catholic re conquest of Spain. As the Jews were dominating financial services in the country, so their migration caused future economic problems in Spain. This was the first brain drain which happened in the history. In 1685 we get an example of a huge brain drain with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1000,000 in France, where the king Louis XIV forced the Protestants to walk out of the country. The migration of Protestants, who were technically skilled, was a huge loss from which the kingdom could not recover for many years. In 1930’s the law in Europe caused the migration of many scientists to US. Albert Einstein was one of the migrating ones, who permanently migrated to us from Germany in 1933. Brain drain is common among developing Asian nations: India, Pakistan, Middle East countries like Iran and Iraq, African countries etc. In contrast developed countries like USA, Canada, and UK etc have brain gain from this happening. Brain drain usually affects the developing or under developing countries due to mass migration of technically skilled people to developed countries, which in turn are benefited by the brain gain. In the recent years, developing country Pakistan has suffered a lot from the brain drain. Philip Bonosky, who writes in his book ‘Washington secret war against Afghanistan† that Pakistan, is the only country who has suffered from the brain drain to a great extent. The graduates migrate in order to get jobs, because nearly 3000 fresh graduates are jobless yearly. Number of Pakistanis migrating to different countries is increasing every year, and most of the migrating people are educated, either doctors, engineers, or other professionals who has no hope of better career in Pakistan. Not only the professionals but also the workers and labor also want to go abroad for higher pays. The brain drain is usually a problem in the poor countries like Pakistan, with very unstable economic situations. Poor people usually suffers because they do not earn enough to serve their families, which eventually leads to migrate to the developed countries, who offers them incentives and higher pays which can improve their living standards. Literature review: According to Dodani and Laporte’s article, the health care migrations to the developed countries are from the developing countries, especially south Asia. This migration is a growing concern in the developing countries because such an outflow of medical doctors from these countries has an adverse affect on health of the population of home countries of the migrants. Dodani and Laporte also points out that the developing countries are working hard to apply such policies which can slow down the migrations, but they say that this might not be possible because of unstable economic and political situations of the home country. Dodani and Laporte also claim that the main cause of the migration is the huge difference in the pays that the doctors receive in the source country and the destination country. According to the article the Pakistani doctorates are not awarded for their good performance, which make them migrate to developed countries. Dodani and Laporte suggests that the developed countries needs to find out the major reasons behind the mass migration and needs to resolve their security problems and provide the doctorates with opportunities in future. According to the research paper by Jenkins R, Kydd R, Mullen P, Thomson K, Sculley J, et al, huge numbers of psychiatrists who are working in the developed countries are from the poor or developing countries, including Pakistan. They mentioned a survey conducted by World Psychiatric Association Taskforce on brain drain regarding the reason for the migration of psychiatrists, and the survey showed that the main reason was the lack of multidisciplinary approach and the poor treatment conditions of the patients. The researchers also pointed out that the health workers also have the right to lead a better life, give proper education to their children. The lack of the economic and political stability and the lack of better living conditions the health workers have no other option other then migration. The researcher mentioned the frequent argument done regarding brain drain that the poor countries also gain form the remittance that the migrants send back to the source countries. So the researchers argue hat the loss of one health worker is much larger then the gain of remittance, which is not given to the poor people of the country, rather is sent to the family which is already better off. According to Mullen, MD’s article, the Indian subcontinent which includes Pakistan is the main source of physician for the recipient countries. According to the article, International medical graduates constitute between 23 and 28 percent of the physician workforces of the recipient countries, with lower-income countries contributing between 40. 0 percent (in Australia) and 75. 2 percent (in the United Kingdom) of the international medical graduates in recipient countries Mullen claims that the subcontinent, which is India and Pakistan is badly affected by the brain drain, Mullen argues that, although the source country is benefited from the payments that the migrants send to their country but yet it adversely affects the situation back in their country. It affects their own nation’s ability to survive due to lack of physicians in their country. According to Saracen’s article, the labor in developing nations are paid less because of the majority being unskilled, due to which the skilled labor also suffers by getting lower pays which makes them migrate to other countries in order to get higher pays and better standards of living. According to the article, the brain drain has an adverse affect because the home country spends a lot on educating and training the individuals, who then migrate and benefit the developed countries that have not spent a penny on their education. Saracen’s argues that the Developing countries, such as Pakistan suffers from brain drain due to lack of infrastructure, whereas the Developed Countries benefits from the process. Saracen’s suggests that the government should make future planning regarding the improvement of living standards and properly allocate the societies abilities.

Invictus Poem Analysis Good Copy Essay

Defiance Human fate, whether predetermined or not, has always been a subject of great debate. Numerous inconclusive arguments have erupted from scientific as well as religious perspectives as to whether or not destiny is controlled by an outside force. Author William Ernest Henley’s poem â€Å"Invictus† is frequently regarded as an eye opening piece of literature that has imitated and facilitated the self reinvention of countless lives. Challenging Christian ideals, Henley elicits a powerful emotional response by supporting the philosophy that man is the sole determinant of his fate. By presenting such a bold and controversial belief, Henley greatly increases the impact of his poem. He titled the poem â€Å"Invictus,† Latin for unbeaten, in order to show that although his spirits were low and mind deterred, they still remained unconquered, demonstrating the retention of control he had over his destiny [Invictus (Meaning of)]. The Christian faith is well known for its belief of having one god who watches over and guides all. Henley begins the poem by thanking â€Å"whatever gods may be† for providing him with his â€Å"unconquerable soul.† Henley purposefully uses the term â€Å"gods† as a passive aggressive challenge to this fundamental Christian belief in monotheism. He also states that his head has remained â€Å"unbowed,† referencing his refusal to submit when times are hard. The â€Å"bludgeonings† that have beat Henley down most surely represents his hardships, while the bowing down represents submission to Christian ideology and to God himself. His refusal to surrender himself to these ideals is representative of his belief that no one but himself can change or affect where he is in life. In a further defiance of Christianity, Henley says â€Å"It matters not how strait the gate, how charged with punishments the scroll.† The gate is supposed to be the very same one that leads to Heaven, strait referring to the narrow passage that allows for very little admittance. Meanwhile, the punishments on the scroll reference the metaphorical list of sins that belabor the human soul, challenging the general concept of sin. By invalidating the scale of right and wrong upon which Christianity is so heavily based, Henley attacks the validity of the entire Christian faith.  This assault continues in the poem with the lines â€Å"I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul.† The theme of self reliance presented in these lines reinstates Henley’s belief that each person is the only one accountable for their journey, not God or any other omnipresent being. Henley was a strong willed individual that chose to look past his negative experiences in life and continue his journey of personal discovery and self definition. Henley was not the first to come to the belief that man was exclusively responsible for shaping his own destiny. An ancient Korean philosophical idea known as Juche shares this same belief (CITATION). â€Å"The circumstances of one’s birth are irrelevant; it is what you do with the gift of life that determines who you are† (Mewtwo). It doesn’t matter where a person’s life begins, it doesn’t matter what that person has been told, in the end, everyone’s soul is their own, and only they are responsible for their fate. Works Cited: Henley, William Ernest. â€Å"Invictus [I. M. To R. T. Hamilton Bruce (1846-1899)].† 12 Dec. 2013 â€Å"Invictus (Meaning Of).† Encyclo. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. â€Å"Juche.† Blue Cottage Taekwon-Do. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. â€Å"Live by Quotes.† Live by Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013.

Case Study Problems Perrier Essay

1. Identify the key elements of the resistance to change described in this situation. To identify the key elements of the resistanceto change described in this situation, one may make use of the six Change Approaches of Kotter and Schlesinger.[1]The model prevents, minimizes or descreases resistance to change in organizations. According to Kotter and Schlesinger (1979), there are four reasons that why people resist change, three of which are applicable to this case: The Parochial self-interest occurs when people are concerned with the impact of the change on themselves and how it may affect their own interests, rather than considering the effects for the success of the business. The union suggests this of Nestles. Jean-Paul Franc, head of the CGT at Perrier, sees the situation differently. In regard to the company’s plan to cut 15 percent of its workforce he protests: â€Å"Nestle can’t do whatever it likes† He says, â€Å"There are men and women who work here†¦ Morally speaking the water and the gas stored below this ground belong to the whole region.† [2] Misunderstanding which evolves through communication problems or inadequate information. Management of a company could not agree to a decision, perhaps due to a lack of information of the real problem. Relating to this case it is not very clear what is causing the lower production at this plant. According to Nestle CEO Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, â€Å"We have come to the point where the development of the Perrier brand is endangered by the stubbornness of the CGT. Where else according to Jean-Paul Franc, head of the CGT at Perrier as mentioned before, â€Å"In regard to the company’s plan to cut 15 percent of its workforce he protests, â€Å"Nestle can’t do whatever it likes.? He says, â€Å"There are men and women who work here†¦ Morally speaking the water and the gas stored below this ground belong to the whole region.†[3] Different assessments of the situation occurs when employees disagrees on the reasons why the company has to change and on the advantages and disadvantages of the process of change. This applies to the above differences in assessment of the problem and solution by the Nestler’s CEO and the union head. 2. Construct a change management strategy for dealing with this situation. In so doing, identify what approach (es) to managing resistance you recommend and provide a clear justification for your choice. Kotter and Schlesinger set out six change approaches to deal with resistance to change. In the following we make use of four of the approaches: [4] 1. Education and Communication There is a lack of information or inaccurate information and analysis. Instead of discussing directly with the employees, that sales were dropping, the manager used a form of manipulation in form of placing the competition’s bottles water e.g. Badoit Rouge in the factory cafeteria, which further antagonized workers. This action was opposed to the intended motivation. One of the best ways to overcome resistance to change is to educate people about the change effort before change occurs. Up-front communication helps employees to see the change effort. This reduces incorrect rumors concerning the effects of change in the organization. 2. Participation and Involvement This approach is useful when that the initiators do not have all the information they need to design the change and where others have considerable power to resist. This is the case at Perrier, where an identification of the real problem is essential. When using this approach it allows including the employees in the problem definition as well as potential solutions. It encourages open communication. The union and Nestles need to set the same goals. When employees are involved in the change effort, they are more likely agree with the change rather than resist. This approach is likely to lower resistance and those who merely acquiesce to change. 3. Negotiation and Agreement Someone or some group may lose out in a change and where that individual or group has considerable power to resist. This would be effective in dealing with the union at Perrier. This can be done by allowing change resistors to veto elements of change that are threatening. Another way is that change resistors can be offered incentives to leave the company through early buyouts or retirements in order to avoid having to experience the change effort. This approach is appropriate where those resisting change are in a position of power, like the CGT. 4. Explicit and Implicit Coercion This is a last resort approach where speed in change is essential. Managers can explicitly or implicitly force employees into accepting change by making clear that resisting changing can lead to losing jobs, firing, transferring or not promoting employees. Working together with CGT, Nestles can negotiate a projected percentage of increased production or otherwise the suggested number of layoffs (15%) will be required.

Albert Maslow Essay

Albert Maslow always wondered what motivated people, he wanted to how or what motivated a person. He believe people were not just motivated by reward, but believed it was a motivation system. Maslow has mentioned that people were motivated to reach a need, when they reached that need they would start on reaching the next and then the next. Albert Maslow was a humanistic psychologist in 1943 wrote his paper titled â€Å"A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION† (Maslow A. H., 2010). His theory of human behavior is a hierarchy of needs. Maslow theory of people motivation, he believed there were five stages of motivational needs and each needed to be completed to get to the next stage of need. The pyramid was not originally used by Maslow to describe his theory of the five stages, but they are used in text books to give a visual description of the levels the hierarchy of needs. Maslow challenged our basic physiological needs to survive is water, food, sleep and air this is what he believed were the most important in his five stages hierarchy of needs and the other stages would fail and not proceed without the basic needs of water, food, sleep and air. Physiological stage would be at the bottom of his theory the bottom of the pyramid. Once Maslow physiological needs were satisfied, you can proceed to the next stage of need. Maslow believed security, financial, shelter, and your well-being were necessary to proceed to the next stage. Safety is the next stage in Maslow hierarchy on the pyramid above physiological need. Safety needs are physical safety after a natural disaster, child abuse. Even experience people may have like a stress disorder. Financial crisis due to lack of work or job security. Maslow believed this was a level more for children as they need the greater need of feeling safe. The next stage is social, this stage is belonging and being loved. Maslow believes this need is less basic then he stated for physiological. Social need of feeling love is related to relationship could be a romantic with a partner, a friendship, and most of all families love. Also involves religious and community group, social need is above safety on the pyramid. Esteem is the fourth stage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, you can reach this stage once the first stages have been satisfied. Maslow believed people want to be recognize and feel needed. Self-Esteem reflects achievement, confidence and accomplished. Esteem is the fourth stage above social on the pyramid. We have reached the fifth stage of the hierarchy of needs, the top of the pyramid is self-actualization.  Maslow considered the first four staged the deficiency needs, because are from deprivation. The fifth stage was consider by Maslow as the being needs. He describes it as being motivated and the need of growing as a person. Maslow believed that once a person achieved the previo us four stages of hierarchy needs, that people had strong motivations to accomplish personal growth. He also believed once a person achieved self-actualization they has less concerns of others opinions. Maslow’s theory did make sense to me, but there was no real research performed to support this theory. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs was found to be true by researchers at the University of Illinois. The researchers conduct a study in 2011. They discover that it was true with the basic need people were happy. They also concluded that people felt positive about their lives with just the basic of food, water, money and shelter were not met. After these findings and other studies that have been conducted, Maslow’s theory was except in the world of psychology. Maslow’s theory related to motivation, people always have needs and wants. When people need this makes a great motivator. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that I find the most challenging would be safety and security. In today’s time people have issue finding the safety and security to satisfy the needs. Even though people may have difficulties with safety and securities they are still motivated for self-actualization. At once other (and â€Å"higher†) needs emerge and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new (and still â€Å"higher†) needs emerge and so on. This is what we mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy of relative prepotency. (Maslow A. H., 2010 p375) References Maslow, A. H. (2010, December 23). A Theory of Human Motivation – Abraham H Maslow – Psychological Review Vol 50 No 4July 1943.pdf. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from Google Docs: https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-5-JeCa2Z7hNjZlNDNhOTEtMWNkYi00YmFhLWI3YjUtMDEyMDJkZDExNWRm/edit?pli=1 Maslow, A. H. (2010, December 23). A Theory of Human Motivation – Abraham H Maslow – Psychological Review Vol 50 No 4 July 1943.pdf. Retrieved June 8, 2014, from https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-5-JeCa2Z7hNjZlNDNhOTEtMWNkYi00YmFhLWI3YjUtM